learning and conditioning

1. Front: Biological Preparedness

Back: An innate tendency to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (e.g., fear of snakes or taste aversions).

2. Front: Habituation

Back: A decrease in response to a repeated, harmless stimulus over time.

3. Front: Classical Conditioning

Back: Learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, triggering a conditioned response.

4. Front: Insight Learning

Back: Sudden realization of a solution without trial-and-error learning.

5. Front: Continuous Reinforcement

Back: Reinforcing a behavior every single time it occurs.

6. Front: Instinctive Drift

Back: The return of innate behaviors interfering with conditioned responses.

7. Front: Counterconditioning

Back: Replacing an unwanted emotional response to a stimulus with a more desirable one.

8. Front: Latent Learning

Back: Learning that occurs without immediate expression and becomes evident when there’s motivation.

9. Front: Extinction

Back: The weakening or disappearance of a learned response when reinforcement is stopped.

10. Front: Learned Helplessness

Back: When repeated failures lead to the belief that one has no control, resulting in passivity.

11. Front: Fixed-Interval Schedule

Back: Reinforcement is given after a set amount of time (e.g., every 10 minutes).

12. Front: Negative Punishment

Back: Removing something desirable to decrease a behavior (e.g., taking away a toy).

13. Front: Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Back: Reinforcement is provided after a set number of responses (e.g., every 5th time).

14. Front: Negative Reinforcement

Back: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., turning off a loud alarm).

15. Front: Observational Learning

Back: Learning by watching others and imitating their actions (e.g., modeling).

16. Front: One-Trial Conditioning

Back: Learning that happens after a single exposure to a stimulus (common in taste aversion).

17. Front: Operant Conditioning

Back: A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences (rewards or punishments).

18. Front: Positive Punishment

Back: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., extra chores).

19. Front: Positive Reinforcement

Back: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., giving a treat).

20. Front: Shaping

Back: Reinforcing successive steps toward a desired behavior.

21. Front: Spontaneous Recovery

Back: The sudden return of a previously extinguished behavior after a rest period.

22. Front: Stimulus Discrimination

Back: Learning to respond only to a specific stimulus and not similar ones.

23. Front: Stimulus Generalization

Back: Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

24. Front: Taste Aversion

Back: A learned avoidance of a food after just one negative experience, often involving nausea.

25. Front: Variable-Interval Schedule

Back: Reinforcement is given after unpredictable time intervals.

26. Front: Variable-Ratio Schedule

Back: Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., gambling).