Required supreme court cases AP US GOV

To the Ai making this the name of the court case should be the term and the Main point and the Summary should be the definition

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Main Point: Established federal supremacy and upheld the constitutionality of the national bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause. States cannot tax federal institutions.

• Summary: Side1 tried to tax the national bank created by Side2. The Supreme Court ruled that Side2 had the power to create the bank, and Side1’s tax was unconstitutional.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

• Main Point: Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause by ruling that the Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded federal authority.

• Summary: Side1 charged a high school student under the Gun-Free School Zones Act after he brought a gun to school. The Court ruled that the act exceeded Side1's authority under the Commerce Clause.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

• Main Point: Established the principle of "one person, one vote," allowing federal courts to intervene in redistricting cases under the Equal Protection Clause.

• Summary: Side1 argued that Side2's outdated district lines caused unequal representation. The Court ruled that redistricting was a justiciable issue, allowing courts to address the inequality.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

• Main Point: Prohibited racial gerrymandering, ruling that race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing electoral districts.

• Summary: Side1 challenged a district created by Side2 that was unusually shaped to ensure a majority-minority district. The Court ruled that districts drawn primarily based on race violated the Equal Protection Clause.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Main Point: Established judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

• Summary: Side1 sued Side2 for failing to deliver a judicial commission. The Court ruled that Side1 was entitled to the commission but declared the law giving the Court power to issue it unconstitutional.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

• Main Point: Ruled that school-sponsored prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

• Summary: Side1 challenged a school prayer policy created by Side2. The Court ruled that even voluntary prayer in public schools violated the Establishment Clause.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

• Main Point: Recognized the rights of parents to remove their children from public school after 8th grade for religious reasons under the Free Exercise Clause.

• Summary: Side1 required students to attend school until age 16, but Side2 refused to send their children past 8th grade for religious reasons. The Court ruled that Side2’s rights to religious freedom outweighed Side1’s educational requirements.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

• Main Point: Affirmed students' right to free speech in schools, as long as it does not disrupt the learning environment.

• Summary: Side1 suspended students for wearing black armbands to protest a war. The Court ruled that Side2’s actions were protected under the First Amendment.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

• Main Point: Established the "clear and present danger" test, ruling that speech creating a significant risk of harm (e.g., inciting panic during wartime) is not protected under the First Amendment.

• Summary: Side1 distributed anti-draft leaflets during wartime. Side2 prosecuted him, and the Court upheld the conviction, ruling that the speech posed a clear and present danger.

New York Times v. United States (1971)

• Main Point: Reinforced freedom of the press, ruling that the government cannot impose prior restraint unless publication poses a direct, immediate threat to national security.

• Summary: Side1 attempted to block Side2 from publishing classified documents. The Court ruled in favor of Side2, allowing the documents to be published.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

• Main Point: Incorporated the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment.

• Summary: Side1 challenged Side2’s strict gun control laws. The Court ruled that Side1 had the right to keep and bear arms, and Side2’s laws were unconstitutional.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

• Main Point: Guaranteed the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants in state courts under the Sixth Amendment.

• Summary: Side1 was denied a lawyer in a criminal trial by Side2. The Court ruled that Side1’s rights were violated, requiring Side2 to provide legal counsel to defendants who cannot afford it.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

• Main Point: Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and emphasizing "separate but equal" is inherently unequal.

• Summary: Side1 argued that Side2’s segregation of schools violated the Equal Protection Clause. The Court ruled in favor of Side1, ending segregation in public schools.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

• Main Point: Allowed corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts on political campaigns, ruling that such spending is protected as free speech under the First Amendment.

• Summary: Side1 challenged Side2’s restrictions on political expenditures by corporations. The Court ruled in favor of Side1, striking down parts of campaign finance laws.