Media – the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet) regarded collectively.

Information – facts provided or learned about something or someone.

Technology – the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.

Literacy – competence or knowledge in a specified area. Verbal – relating to or in the form of words.

Non-Verbal – not involving or using words or speech.

Gestures – a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning.

Written – to trace or form (characters, letters, words, etc.) on the surface of some material, as with a pen, pencil, or other instrument or means.

Channel – direct toward a particular end or object.

Sender – a person who sends or transmits a message, letter, email, etc.

Encoder – is the person who develops and sends the message.

Decoder – is the person who interprets and decodes the message.

Receiver – is the listener, reader, or observer—that is, the individual (or the group of individuals) to whom a message is directed.

Evolution –the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

Cuneiform – was one of the earliest systems of writing, invented by the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia. It is distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by mean of a blunt reed for a stylus

Acta Diurna – Latin word which means Daily Acts sometimes translated as Daily Public Records during the Roman Empire.

Morse code – developed in 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and another inventor. It works by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. A code that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English Alphabet.

Transistor – a semiconductor device with three connections, capable of amplification in addition to amplification; a portable radio using circuits containing transistors rather than vacuum tubes.

Web Browser – is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.

Microblog - a social media site to which user makes short, frequent posts.

Social Network – a dedicated website or other application which enables users to communicate with each other by posting information, comments, messages, images and etc.

Newspapers – printed and distributed on a daily or weekly basis. They include news related to sports, politics, technology, science, local news, national news, international news, birth notices, as well as entertainment news related to fashion, celebrities, and movies. Today’s parents grew up with this type of printed media.

Magazines – printed on a weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. It contains information about finance, food, lifestyle, fashion, sports, etc.

Books – focused on a particular topic or subject, giving the reader a chance to spread their knowledge about their favorite topic.

Banners – used to advertise a company’s services and products, hung on easily-noticed sights to attract people’s attention.

Billboards – huge advertisements created with the help of computers. Their goal is to attract people passing by.

Brochures – a type of booklet that includes everything about one company – its products, services, terms and conditions, contact details, address, etc.

Flyers – used mostly by small companies due to the low cost of advertising. They contain the basic information about a company, their name, logo, service or product, and contact information, and they are distributed in public areas.

Medium – The singular form of media; the term usually describes individual forms such as radio, television, film, etc.

Media – The plural form of medium; the term has come to mean all the industrial forms of mass communication combined.

Mass Media – It refers to those media that are designed to be consumed by large audiences through the agencies of technology.

Indigenous Knowledge – It refers to understandings, skills, and philosophies developed by local communities with long histories and experiences of interaction with their natural surroundings according to the UNESCO’s programme on Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) (Hiwasaki et al., 2014a).

Indigenous Media – It is defined as forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous peoples around the globe as vehicles for communication.

Library – A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recording, or films) are kept for use but not for sale. (Merriam Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary) Internet – A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE (IK) - It refers to understandings, skills, and philosophies developed by local communities with long histories and experiences of interaction with their natural surroundings according to the UNESCO’s programme on Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) (Hiwasaki et al., 2014a). INDIGENOUS MEDIA - It is defined as forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous peoples around the globe as vehicles for communication.

LIBRARY - A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recording, or films) are kept for use but not for sale. (Merriam Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary)

Academic Library - Serves colleges and universities. A library that is attached to a higher education institution which serves two complementary purposes to support the school’s curriculum, and to support the research of the university faculty and students.

Public Library - Serves cities and towns of all types. A library that is accessible by the general public and is usually funded form public sources, such as taxes.

School Library - Serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12 A library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public or private school have access to a variety of resources.

Special Library - Are in specialized environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the military, private business, and the government. A library that provides specialized information resources on a particular subject, serves a specialized and limited clientele, and delivers specialized services to that clientele.

Language – means the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and conventions that media and information professionals may select and use in an effort to communicate ideas, information and knowledge.

Codes – are systems of signs, which create meaning.

Conventions – are accepted ways of using media codes.

Camera Shots – is a continuous view filmed by one camera without interruption.

Camera Angles – marks the specific location at which the movie camera or video camera is placed to take a shot.

Genre – a French word that means type or class, and can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing features which is codes and conventions.

Message – the information sent to a receiver from a source.

Audience – refers to the recipients of information or the consumers of media.

Producers – refer to the providers of media content.

MEDIA LANGUAGES - Media languages are codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structures that indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience.

CODES -These are systems of signs that when put together create meaning. They sometimes give extra meaning to the idea or concept.

1. Technical Codes

• ways in which equipment is used to tell the story

• In media, these include camerawork, editing, audio and lighting.

• CAMERAWORK - It refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and moved for specific effects.This includes but is not limited to: Basic Camera Shots, Advance Camera Shots, and Camera Angles. ● Extreme Wide Shots (EWS) – also known as extreme long shots This act is used to establish a scene in terms of time and place, as well as character’s physical or emotional relationship to the environment and elements within it.

• Wide Shots (WS) – also known as long shot This shows the entire person or area. They’re great for establishing the scene and allowing for good action of the characters. The character becomes more focused than an EWS.

• Medium Shots (MS) – frame the subject from the waist up This is the most common shot and allows for hand gestures and motion.

• Medium Close Ups (MCU) – Shots show the subject in more detail and are often framed from just below the shoulders to the top of the head.

• Close Ups (CU) – show particular part of your subject such as a person’s head/face Framed this tightly, the emotions and reaction of a character dominate the scene.

• Extreme Close Ups (ECU) – are much tighter close-up shots in which you get detail greater than the human eye might be able to normally perceive.

EDITING - It is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and sound. It is generally done for four different reasons: AUDIO

Audio - is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. Audio can be diegetic or non-diegetic.

LIGHTING - is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight specific elements of the scene.

Symbolic - codes are used to show the deep meanings of what we literally see.

Objects – convey meaning

Setting – shows time and place

Color – suggests a mood

Costume – clothing, hair, make up

Body Language – emotion and movement

> key light is the most important light it kind of sets the scene.

> fill light a little bit diffused as not as bright as the key light

> hair light which is giving you the glow popping from the background

MESSAGE - the information sent to a receiver from a source

AUDIENCE - the group of consumers for whom the media message was constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed to the message

• An individual or collective group of people who read or consume any text

• Effects on the audience can be on: physiological, cognitive, belief, attitude, behavior

PRODUCERS - They are the people engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a finished media product. STAKEHOLDERS

Stakeholders - refer to the individuals who are involved in or affected by a course of action.

Primary – people who use the system (interact with it in some form)

Secondary – People who a re upstream or downstream of the system (people who provide information which is input to the system or people who utilize data coming out of the system).

Tertiary – People with more remote dependencies upon the system

Facilitating – People who make the system happen.

common narrative structures and understandings that are common in storytelling media products

Genre Conventions -point to the common use of tropes, characters, settings or themes in a particular type of medium. These are closely linked with audience expectations; and can be formal or thematic Form Conventions

• certain ways we expect types of media’s codes to be arranged

CONVENTIONS - They refer to a standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behavior. These are cultural agreements about what a sign means, or how we should respond to it.

Intellectual Property – It refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; design; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.

Copyright – A legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works.

Plagiarism – An act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization; the representation of that author’s work as one’s own, as by not crediting the original author.

Cyberbullying – Bullying that takes place online, or using electronic technology such as cellphones, computers, and tablets over communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites.

Computer Addiction – The excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life.

Digital Divide – An economic inequality between groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT.

The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 - officially recorded as Republic Act No. 10175, is a law in the Philippines approved on September 12, 2012. It aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions and the Internet in the Philippines.

Intellectual Property (IP) - It refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; design; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.

Copyright - A legal device that gives the creator of literary, artistic, musical, or other creative work the sole right to publish and sell that work.

Violation of a copyright - is called infringement.

Patent - An exclusive right granted for an invention provides the patent owner with the right to decide how or whether the invention can be used by others.

Trademarks - A sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.

Industrial Design - It constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. It may consist of three dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or two dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.

Geographical Origin / Indications and Appellations of Origin - It is signs used on goods that have specific geographical origin and purpose qualities, essentially attributable to that place of origin. It most commonly includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.

Fair Use - It means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes.

Plagiarism - An act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization; the representation of that author’s work as one’s own, as by not crediting the original author

The Ghost Writer - The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own.

The Photocopy - The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration.

The Potluck Paper - The writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.

The Poor Disguise - The writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases.

The Labor of Laziness - The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together.

The Self-stealer - The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work.

The Forgotten Footnote - The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced.

Misinformer - The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them.

The Too-perfect Paraphrase - The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks on text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it.

The Resourceful Citer - The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work.

The Perfect Crime - the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some place, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation.

Communication - is the act or process of using words, sounds, and signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. It is also the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in

Verbal communication - involves the use of spoken or written words to convey a message. It includes things like face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, presentations, and written correspondence, such as emails and text messages understanding.

Nonverbal communication - refers to the transmission of messages without the use of words. It includes all forms of communication that occur through nonverbal cues, such as body language, facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, touch, and tone of voice.

Expansion of communication channels: With the advent of new technologies and platforms, media and information have greatly expanded the channels through which individuals can communicate, including social media, instant messaging, email, and video conferencing.

Increased speed and accessibility of information: Media and information have greatly increased the speed and accessibility of information, allowing individuals to receive news and updates in real- time and connect with others from anywhere in the world.

Shaping of public opinion: Media and information can shape public opinion by presenting particular perspectives, narratives, and opinions to a large audience. This can impact the way individuals perceive and discuss issues, and may contribute to the formation of collective attitudes and beliefs.

Influencing the spread of ideas and information: The ease with which individuals can share and distribute information through various media platforms can have a significant impact on the spread of ideas and information. This can lead to the rapid spread of both accurate and inaccurate information, as well as the amplification of certain perspectives and opinions.

Changing the nature of communication: Media and information have changed the nature of communication, allowing individuals to communicate and connect with one another in new and different ways. Media and Information Literacy - Combination of knowledge, attitudes, skills, and practices required to access, analyze, evaluate, use, produce, and communicate information and knowledge in creative, legal, and ethical ways that respect human rights (Moscow Declaration on Media and Information Literacy, 2012) Media Literacy

The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and Produce communication in a variety of media forms.

Information Literacy - The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various formats.

Technology Literacy - The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use, and create information.

PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700’S) People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze copper and Iron.

Cave Paintings are also known as “Parietal Art”. They are painted drawings. They are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to some 40000 years ago in Eurasia.

Clay Tablets were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.

Papyrus in Egypt - Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in Ancient Times as writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus Papyrus, a wetland sedge.

Woodblock Printing - is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper.

Mayan Codices (singular codex) are folding books written by pre-Columbian Maya Civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican Bark Cloth. INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700’S-1930’S) People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production and manufacturing of various products (including books through printing press). Motion Picture Photography Cinematography- the art and technology of motion- picture photography. It involves such techniques as the general composition of a scene and the integration of any special effects.

The Chinese “Dibao” is the earliest and oldest newspaper in the world. And it is also called “ Bamboo Inscriptions”.

Acta Diurna they were carved on stone or metal and presented in message boards in public places like the forum of Rome. They were also called simply “Acta”. The London Gazette The Official journals of record of the British Government, and the most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom.

Printing Press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. Gutenberg a goldsmith by profession, developed a printing system, by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own.

Johannes Gutenberg, in full Johann Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg, (born 14th century, Mainz [Germany]—died probably February 3, 1468, Mainz), German craftsman and inventor who originated a method of printing from movable type.

Telephone or phone, is a Telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.

Electrical Telegraph - or more commonly just telegraph, superseded optical semaphore telegraph systems, thus becoming the first form of electrical Telecommunications.

ELECTRONIC AGE (1930’s -1980’s) The invention of transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the Transistor Radio, Electronic Circuits and Early computers. In this Age, Long distance communication became more efficient. Evolution of Mainframe computers like IBM 704 and use of OHP, LCD Projectors Transistor Radio A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor- base circuitry.

Television (1941) Television is a Telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color.

EDSAC AND UNIVAC 1949/1951 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) An Early British computer inspired by John Von Neumann’s Seminal first draft of a report on the EDVAC.

UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) First Commercial Computer produced in the United Staes. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. HP 9100A (1968) Hewlett-Packard 9100A is an early computer or programmable calculator. First appearing in 1968 and it was called a Desktop Calculator.

NEW DIGITAL AGE/ INFORMATION AGE (1900’s – 2000’s) The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of Social Network. People advanced the use of Micro-Electronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable Technology.

VOICE, IMAGE, SOUND AND DATA are digitized.

Print Media - type of news media used to be the only way of delivering information to the public.

Broadcasting Media - includes videos, audios, or written content that provides important or entertaining information Television – in the past, there were a few channels sharing various types of content, whereas now we have hundreds of TV channels to choose from.

Radio – uses radio waves to transmit entertaining, informative, and educative

Movies – film, motion picture, screenplay, moving picture, or movie has worldwide reachability. It’s the best type of mass media to promote cultures and spread social awareness.

New Media Nowadays, we are relying on the Internet to get the news a lot more often than the traditional news sources. Websites provide information in the form of video, text, and audio.

Social networks or websites – including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Tumblr, LinkedIn, Snapchat, Quora, Reddit, Pinterest, etc. They are user-friendly and widely used by people around the world. Although we can find any news here, they may be misleading because of the lack of regulations on the content shared.

Online forums - an online place where we can comment, message, or discuss a particular topic. Forums allow us to share knowledge with other people with the same interest. That’s why it’s regarded as the best platform to seek support and assistance.

Podcast – a series of audio focused on a particular topic or theme. We can listen to them on a computer or a mobile phone. It’s a platform that allows anyone to share their knowledge and communicate with the world. ACCURACY- content is grammatically correct, verifiable, and cited when necessary

AUTHOR- defines who created the content, the individua or group’s credesentials/expertise and provides contact information

CURRENCY- information is current and updated frequently

FAIRNESS-content is balanced, presenting all sides of an issue and multiple points-of-view

RELEVANCE-content is relevant to your topic or research