HISTORY

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER

LESSON 1: Meaning and Relevance of HistoryWhat is History?

History is the systematic study of past events based on evidence to understand how societies, people, and institutions changed over time.

History is not simply memorizing dates and names—it is interpreting what happened and why it happened.

Definition of HistoryGreek Origin

Historia
= "Inquiry" or "Investigation"

The word history originated from the Greek word historia, meaning the search for knowledge through investigation.

Definition according to historiansMarc Bloch

"History is the science of men in time."

Meaning:
History studies human beings and how they changed throughout different periods.

E.H. Carr

"History is an unending dialogue between the past and the present."

Meaning:
Historians interpret the past using evidence while considering present understanding.

John Tosh

History is an attempt to reconstruct the past through surviving evidence.

Why Study History?

History helps us:

✔ Understand our identity

✔ Learn from past mistakes

✔ Appreciate culture and heritage

✔ Become responsible citizens

✔ Develop critical thinking

✔ Analyze sources before believing information

Importance of HistoryPersonal Importance

• Understand your roots

• Build identity

National Importance

• Strengthens patriotism

• Protects national heritage

• Understand Philippine development

Global Importance

• Understand relationships among countries

• Learn from world events

Sources of History

Historical sources are materials that provide evidence about the past.

There are two major types.

1. Primary Sources

Original records created during the event.

Examples:

• Diaries

• Letters

• Government documents

• Photographs

• Maps

• Speeches

• Laws

• Artifacts

• Interviews

• Eyewitness accounts

Examples in your course:

✔ First Voyage Around the World
✔ Customs of the Tagalogs
✔ Kartilya ng Katipunan

2. Secondary Sources

Created after the event by historians using primary sources.

Examples:

• Textbooks

• Journal articles

• Encyclopedias

• Biographies

• History books

Characteristics of Good Historical Sources

They should be:

✔ Authentic

✔ Reliable

✔ Accurate

✔ Relevant

✔ Verifiable

Historical Method

The process historians use.

1. Heuristics

• Gathering sources

2. Source Criticism

External Criticism

• Is the document genuine?

Internal Criticism

• Is the information believable?

3. Interpretation

• Understanding the meaning

4. Historiography

• Writing history

Bias in History

Bias means a source may reflect the author's beliefs, experiences, religion, nationality, or political views.

Historians compare different sources to reduce bias.

LESSON 2: Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

Primary source analysis means examining original documents to understand the past accurately.

Questions Historians Ask

Who wrote it?

When?

Where?

Why?

Who was the audience?

What was happening during that time?

Is it biased?

External Criticism

Checks authenticity.

Questions:

Who wrote it?

When was it written?

Is it original?

Internal Criticism

Checks credibility.

Questions:

Can the author be trusted?

Was the author present?

Does the information match other sources?

Importance of Primary Sources

They

✔ provide firsthand evidence

✔ reduce misinformation

✔ improve historical accuracy

✔ reveal perspectives of people from the past

LESSON 3: First Voyage Around the Worldby Antonio Pigafetta

Who was Antonio Pigafetta?

An Italian scholar and explorer who joined the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan.

He became the official chronicler of the voyage.

Purpose of the Expedition

To find a western route to the Spice Islands (Moluccas).

Commissioned by Spain.

Expedition Timeline

1519

• Expedition began from Spain.

March 16, 1521

• Arrival in the Philippines (Homonhon Island).

March 31, 1521

• First Easter Mass.

April 7, 1521

• Arrival in Cebu.

April 14, 1521

• Rajah Humabon and many Cebuanos were baptized.

April 27, 1521

• Battle of Mactan.

Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his warriors.

1522

• Expedition returned to Spain under Juan Sebastián Elcano.

Important PeopleFerdinand Magellan

Leader of expedition.

Killed in Mactan.

Antonio Pigafetta

Recorded everything during the journey.

Rajah Humabon

Ruler of Cebu.

Allied with Magellan.

Lapulapu

Chief of Mactan.

Defeated Magellan.

The Five Ships of the Expedition (1519)

Exam Tip: Victoria was the only ship to complete the first circumnavigation of the world.

Timeline of the VoyageSeptember 20, 1519

• The expedition departed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain with 5 ships and about 270 men.

December 1519

• Reached South America (present-day Brazil).

March–August 1520

• Stayed at Puerto San Julián (Patagonia) due to winter.

• A mutiny broke out among some captains, but Magellan suppressed it.

May 1520

• Santiago was wrecked during a reconnaissance mission.

October–November 1520

• The fleet passed through the Strait of Magellan, connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

• San Antonio deserted and returned to Spain.

November 28, 1520

• The expedition entered the Pacific Ocean, a name given by Magellan because its waters appeared calm (Mar Pacífico).

March 6, 1521

• Arrived at Guam (Ladrones Islands) to replenish supplies.

March 16, 1521

• First landed in the Philippines, specifically at Homonhon Island (Eastern Samar).

March 28, 1521

• Blood compact (Sandugo) between Magellan and Rajah Kolambu in Limasawa.

March 31, 1521

• First Easter Mass in Limasawa.

April 7, 1521

• Arrival in Cebu.

April 14, 1521

• Rajah Humabon, his wife, and hundreds of followers were baptized into Christianity.

April 27, 1521

• Battle of Mactan

• Lapulapu and his warriors defeated Magellan.

• Magellan was killed during the battle.

May 1, 1521

• Massacre at Cebu.

• Several Spaniards were killed during a banquet hosted by Rajah Humabon.

May 1521

• The Concepción was burned because there were too few crew members to sail three ships.

November 1521

• Reached the Spice Islands (Moluccas) and loaded valuable spices.

December 1521

• Trinidad attempted to return eastward but was captured by the Portuguese.

September 6, 1522

• Victoria, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, returned to Spain with only 18 surviving crew members, successfully completing the first circumnavigation of the world.

Important Places

• Spain – Starting and ending point of the expedition.

• Atlantic Ocean – First ocean crossed.

• Strait of Magellan – Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

• Pacific Ocean – Named by Magellan.

• Guam – First major stop after crossing the Pacific.

• Homonhon – First landing in the Philippines.

• Limasawa – Site of the blood compact and First Easter Mass.

• Cebu – Alliance with Rajah Humabon and mass baptism.

• Mactan – Site of Magellan's death.

• Moluccas (Spice Islands) – Main destination of the expedition.

Contributions of Pigafetta's Account

Provides information about:

Philippine geography

Early Filipino culture

Food

Religion

Trade

Language

Customs

Political system

Navigation

Strengths

Eyewitness account

Detailed observations

Chronological narration

Weaknesses

European perspective

Possible misunderstandings of Filipino culture

Personal bias

Language barriers

LESSON 4: Customs of the Tagalogsby Juan de Plasencia

Who was Juan de Plasencia?

A Spanish Franciscan missionary.

Arrived in the Philippines during Spanish colonization.

Purpose

To describe the customs, traditions, government, and social life of Tagalogs before Spanish rule.

Government

Barangay

Small political unit.

Led by a Datu.

Social ClassesMaharlika

Nobles

Warriors

Free citizens

Timawa

Freemen

Worked independently

Could own property

Alipin

Dependent class

Two kinds:

Aliping Namamahay

Owned house

Could marry

Worked part-time

Had more freedom

Aliping Saguiguilid

Lived in master's house

Served full-time

Less freedom

Laws

Cases handled by the Datu.

Witnesses and customs were important.

Marriage Customs

Parents arranged marriages.

Dowry (bigay-kaya)

Wedding traditions

Inheritance

Property divided among legitimate heirs.

Religion

Believed in Bathala.

Practiced ancestor worship.

Had priests/priestesses called Catalonan.

Believed in spirits.

Importance

Shows organized society before Spanish colonization.

Proves Filipinos already had:

Government

Laws

Culture

Religion

Trade

Weaknesses

Spanish missionary perspective

Focus only on Tagalog society

May misunderstand indigenous beliefs

LESSON 5: Kartilya ng Katipunanby Emilio Jacinto

What is the Kartilya?

The guidebook of the Katipunan.

Written mainly by Emilio Jacinto in 1896.

It served as the moral and ethical code for Katipuneros.

Who was Emilio Jacinto?

Called the Brains of the Katipunan.

Advisor of Andres Bonifacio.

Known as the "Utak ng Katipunan."

Purpose

Teach members:

Good morals

Equality

Patriotism

Respect

Discipline

Love for country

Main TeachingsEquality

Everyone deserves respect regardless of wealth or status.

Patriotism

Love and defend the country.

Honor

Keep your word.

Be honest.

Respect for Women

Women should never be treated as objects.

They deserve honor and dignity.

Compassion

Help those in need.

Self-Control

Control greed and selfishness.

Good Character

A person's worth depends on actions, not appearance or wealth.

Importance

Unified Katipuneros

Promoted nationalism

Encouraged ethical leadership

Inspired the Philippine Revolution

Remains relevant today

Strengths

Promotes moral values

Encourages equality

Supports nationalism

Builds discipline

QUICK COMPARISON

IMPORTANT PEOPLE TO REMEMBER

MUST-MEMORIZE KEYWORDS

• Historia = inquiry/investigation

• Primary Source = firsthand/original evidence

• Secondary Source = interpretation based on primary sources

• Heuristics = collecting sources

• External Criticism = authenticity

• Internal Criticism = credibility

• Antonio Pigafetta = chronicler of Magellan

• Juan de Plasencia = Customs of the Tagalogs

• Emilio Jacinto = Kartilya ng Katipunan

• Lapulapu = victor in the Battle of Mactan

• Rajah Humabon = ruler of Cebu

• Datu = barangay chief

• Maharlika = noble class

• Timawa = freemen

• Aliping Namamahay = dependent with more freedom

• Aliping Saguiguilid = dependent living in the master's house

• Bathala = supreme deity

• Catalonan = priest/priestess

 solid reviewer for quizzes, midterms, and major examinations while remaining faithful to the histor