Ch5 Flashcards
5.1 - What is Energy:
Energy - the capacity to do work (make things happen) and is changed from one form to another as life processes take place.
Kinetic Energy - energy actively being used\
Mechanical energy - is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used for doing work, such as moving or lifting.
Potential Energy - stored energy waiting to be used
Chemical Energy - energy stored in chemical bonds like food
We measure energy in terms of joules, calorie, and kilocalories
calorie - the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
kilocalorie - commonly used to measure food energy, equivalent to 1,000 calories.
Joule - the SI unit of energy, defined as the amount of energy transferred when one newton of force is applied over a distance of one meter.
Laws of Thermodynamics - govern energy flow and help us understand the conversion of energy from one form to another
Law #1: Conservation of Energy - the idea that energy can’t be created or destroyed it but can only be transformed from one form to another, implying that the total energy in a closed system remains constant.
Law #2: Entropy - the idea that energy conversions are not perfect and that energy is loosed from the specific circuit in the from of heat because energy sources like food, ATP, and solar energy are unstable.
AND
the measument of how disorganized an energy circuit is.
the only way to maintain order in an energy circuit is to add more energy
Heat - the form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures, often leading to a decrease in usable energy as it becomes more disordered.
5.2 - ATP:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - the molecule used as the energy currency of cells for ALL cellular processes. Made of high energy bonds between Phosphate groups.
It’s highly unstable and quickly looses phosphate groups changing from ATP-ADP-AMP
ATP cycle - the continued breakdown and regeneration of ATP. ADP is given a phosphate group and then used in a rection that requires energy going back to ADP.
Coupled Reactions - when a rection releasing energy (ATP to ADP) kickstarts a different reaction close by (Cellular Process). Energy not picked up by the second reaction may be released as heat.
Making of ATP
Chloroplasts take solar energy and make carbohydrates using photosynthesis
Mitochondria take the carbohydrates and using cellular respiration make the energy that they use to make ATP molecules.
5.3 - Metabolic Pathways + Enzymes:
Metabolic/Biochemical Pathways - the sequence of chemical reactions in cells that get triggered by the one before and trigger the one after, the products of the first become the reactants of the second and so on.
Enzymes - protein molecules that aid in reactions
substrates - the reactants that an enzyme acts on to make a product
active sights - the lock and key mechanism of an enzyme and reactants that are specific to the reactants in the reaction.
induced fit model - when the lock part of an enzyme is temporarily altered to aid in a different reaction before returning to normal.
enzyme inhibitors - something that gets in the way of a reactant and enzyme interacting, usually a poison.
feedback inhibition - when there is a lot of a product blocking the reactants from locking into the enzyme till they get used up. Or when n enzyme lock changes shape and can’t bind with reactants anymore. Regulates overproduction of products.
Activation Energy - the energy that is needed to start a reaction and is lowered when an enzyme is used.
5.4 - Cell Transport:
Passive Transport - the transfer of material across the cell membrane not using ATP
Diffusion - movement across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is achieved.
Facilitated Diffusion - movement across a membrane using a channel or carrier protein
Osmosis - the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, specifically moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Active Transport - the transfer of material across the cell membrane using ATP when the transfer is against the flow of diffusion
Sodium Potassium Pump - the protein pump that puts Na+ out of the cell and K+ to the inside
Exostosis - the transport of macromolecules that are too big for proteins out of the cell using vesicles merging with the cell membrane
Endocytosis - the transport of macromolecules that are too big for proteins into the cell when the cell membrane wraps around the molecules and detaches inside