1. Satire: the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
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2. Parody: The imitative use of the words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of an author in such a way as to make them ridiculous. This is usually achieved by exaggerating certain traits, using more or less the same technique as the cartoon caricature.
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3. Euphemism: A device in which indirectness replaces directness of statement, usually in an effort to avoid offensiveness. Frequently used in subjects such as religion, death (“pass away” instead of “die”), bodily functions (“restroom” for “toilet”), etc.
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4. Allegory: A story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape. An allegory is an extended metaphor.
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5. Fable: A brief tale in verse or prose that conveys a moral lesson, usually by giving human speech and manners to animals and inanimate things. They often conclude with a moral, delivered in the form of an epigram. This story form is related to folklore and proverbs.
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6. Moral: The lesson to be learned from a story, poem, fable, play—any work that aims to teach anything either directly or obliquely. The moral is the point in any didactic work.
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7. Invective: Abusive writing directed against a person, group, institution, or life itself.
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8. Anthropomorphism: the showing or treating of animals, gods, and objects as if they are human in appearance, character, or behavior.
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9. Active Voice: An active sentence is when the subject of the sentence is the one doing the action expressed by the verb.
Example: Napoleon took charge.
10. Passive Voice: A passive sentence is when the subject is being acted upon by the verb. The passive voice includes a form of the verb be—such as is, was, or has been—and the past participle of the verb. It intentionally obscures who is acting.
Example: Napoleon was placed in charge.
11. Dependent Clause: a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb but is still a sentence fragment. It begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun.
Example: When the sea turtle swam away…
12. Subordinating Conjunction: A word that introduces a dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions connect two independent clauses, making one clause dependent upon the other one. For example: Because it was late, we decided to go to bed.
All the subordinating conjunctions:
13. Relative Pronouns: Words that refer to antecedents and begin dependent clauses; They are often the subject of the dependent clause. The “w”s and that.
Example: Do you see the cat that is napping on the plants?
All relative pronouns:
14. Complex sentence: a sentence that includes both an independent clause and a dependent clause, joined by a conjunction or pronoun.
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