Unit 1 + 2

Pre-Colonization

In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.

• Success of societies came mostly through maize, beans, and squash (”3 Sisters”)

South America

1. Aztecs

   1. central america

   2. call themselves the mexica

   3. Capital = Tenochtitlan (massive)

   4. irrigation, big citites

2. Maya

   1. Yucatan peninsula

   2. big cities, irrigation

3. Incans

   1. Andes Mts

   2. at height, 16 mil people

   3. Success = cultivation of mountain valleys

North America

1. Pueblo

   1. new mexico and arizona

   2. sedentary

   3. maize farmers despite harsh climate

   4. highly organized

2. Nomadic

   1. great plains

   2. hunter-gatherers

      1. benefitted from European introduction of the horse

   3. small kinship groups

   4. Ex: Ute

3. Pacific NW

   1. fishing, ocean

   2. main independent groups in permanent settlements

   3. Ex: Chinnuk

   4. Exception: Chumash

      1. hunter-gatherers

4. Northeast

   1. 2 main groups = Algonquian and Iroquian

      1. no 1 style of political organize

         1. mostly chiefdoms

   2. Iroquois Confederacy - 5 nations banded together after cycle of wars, League of Peace

      1. one of the most powerful groups in NE

5. Cahokia

   1. Mississippi River Valley

   2. largest settlement in region

   3. central gov led by chieftains

Rise of European Exploration

• Europe was behind the rest of the world, unstable, and lacked natural resources.

  • edge of Old World, behind everyone else

  • unstable, on edge of famine

  • patriarchial, hierarchical societies

    • authority = nobles, church, village

  • most = peasants (farmworkers living in small villages surrounded by fields)

    • constant labor, harsh existence

Reasons/Causes of Exploration

European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. (God, gold, glory)

1. desire for luxury goods (from Asia)

   1. land-based trade routes controlled by Muslims

      1. Europe wants their own route so by sea

2. widespread political unification across Europe

3. Recent ideological movements

   1. Renaissance led to curiosity about other lands and people

   2. Reformation led to wanting to spread God

4. Fame and fortune

   1. Monarch’s want new sources of revenue

5. New technological advances (made possible)

Portugese

• Prince Henry - first Maritime route to Asia (1450)

• Bartolomeau Dias - rounds South Africa (1488)

• Vasco de Gamea - East Africa (1497) then India 1 yr later

• Magellan - first to circumnavigate the world (1522)

• Pedro Alvares Cabral - Brazil

• Portugal conquered Brazil and used for sugar plantations

Spain

Focus on extracting wealth through cash crops and metals (gold + silver)

• Rulers of Spain at the time (Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand) saw national unity and foreign commmerce as keys to prosperity

  1. united Spain under Catholicism through reconquista

  2. sought trade and empire (leading to Columbus)

• wanted to make the “new world” their own

• Christopher Columbus - wanted sponsorship and did get it, set sail in 1492 and lands in Caribbean (thought he was in East Indies)

• Conquistadors flocked to new world

  • Juan Ponce explored Florida

  • Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama to see the Pacific

  • Hernan Cortez toppled the Aztecs (1521)

  • Franciso Pizzaro ****toppled the Inca (1535)

  • De Leon

  • De Soto

Conquered Lands

Spanish colonization extracted wealth by…

1. subjugating native populations

2. converting them

3. then assimilating them into Spanish colonial society along with Africans

• Caste System

  1. Peninsulares (Spanish ancestory)

  2. Creoles (Spanish and Black mixture)

  3. Mestizos and Mulattos

     1. Mestizos - Spanish and Indian

     2. Mulattos - White American and Black

  4. Native Indians + Black Slaves

• Encomienda system: system of forced labor which Native Americans worked on Spanish owned estates

  • secure an adequate and cheap labor supply (feudalism)

  • Conquistadors = Lord + controlled Indian populations

    • Indians had to pay tribute and serve him

    • in return, conquistador obligated to protect his lands, instruct in Christianity, and defend their right to live off land

  • system demolished Indian population causing its own fall and the rise of African slavery

• Forced natives to convert and created Missions across territory

  • Bartholome de La Casas (spanish priest)

    • said that if Spain continues brutal and killing then natives would be lost to God

    • would make natives hate Christ

    • argued against encomienda system for natives

    • suggested Africans be used

Consequences of Colonization

Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devatstated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.

• Columbian Exchange - transfer of food, animals, people, minerals from Africa, Europe, and Americas

  • transformed all 3 continents

  1. Disease

     • enabled conquistadors to conquer

       • esp smallpox

     • devastated native population

       • due to being new to natives

  2. Food, Animals, Minerals

  • went both ways

  1. Americas to Europe

     • maize, tomatoes, potatoes, caco, tobacco

     • gold, silver

  2. Europe/Africa to Americas

     • rice, wheat, oats, etc

       • grains esp transformed

     • horses, pigs, chickens

     • slaves

       • brutal Middle Passage

England

• grew after Spain’s decline due to silver inflation

English colonization attracted large number of British migrants and other Europeans who sought…

1. social mobility

2. economic prosperity

3. religious freedom

4. improved living conditions

• British colonization came at a time where UK was a hot mess. Colonists sought a way out.

British Settlements

• Jamestown

  • Chesapeake

  • funded by joint-stock company

  • purely a profit-seeking venture

  • beginnings were rough

    • disease and famine killed nearly half

  • labor done by indentured servants (esp for tobacco)

  • high tension between Jamestown and Indians

    • British took more land and Indians raided in response

    • Bacon’s Rebellion

      • attack against Indians and elite

        • in response to Britian not protecting colonies from Indians

      • Consequence: elites given fear over indentured servants

        • caused elites to stop relying on servants and switch to slaves

• NE

  • goal of religious society (Puritian/Pilgrim)

  • family economies as farmers

  • rough time at first, but established after a few years

  • Ex: Plymouth (1620)

• British West Indies

  • Ex: Barbados and St. Nevis

  • grew tobacco and sugarcane

    • increase in demand for sugarcane = increase in demand for slaves

    • majority black settlements

  • laws defined enslaved as property and controlled every part of their lives

    • Carolinas sought to copy this

• Middle Colonies

  • NY and NJ diverse population

    • thrived on export economy due to many rivers

      • caused growing divide between working class and elites

  • Pennsylvania

    • founded by Quaker and pacifist Penn

    • land gotten by negotiation with Indians

    • gov unusually democratic

      • Mayflower Compact - self-governing church congregation

      • House of Burgess- representative assembly

        • dominated by elite classes

Wars/Fighting

• Metacom’s War (1675-1676)

  • Metacom (aka King Phillip) saw English and natives as unable to coexist

  • attacks settlements with 2 other tribes

  • runs our of gunpowder and Metacom dies

• Bacon’s Rebellion

  • in Jamestown

  • Anger over

    • taxation

    • falling tobacco prices

    • Britians lack of protection of colonies from Indian raids

  • revolt to kick out Indians and get rid of wealthy by Bacon

  • Bacon dies in 1676 and rebellion dispersed

  • forces VA to consider poor neighbors

Funding Colonies

• Trade became global with colonization

• Triangular Trade

  • 3-part journey

    1. NA brought rum to Africa for slaves

    2. Africa brought slaves to South A for sugarcane

    3. South A brought sugarcane to NA for rum

• Mercantilism

  • only a fixed amount of wealth in the world

  • each state’s goal was to gain as much wealth as possible

  • way to do that was to export more than import

  • relied heavily on establishing colonies

  • generated massive wealth

• Navigation Acts - required merchants to trade with Britian and merchants to go through Britian

Colonial Society

• Enlightenment

  • movement emphasizing reason and thought

  • came to US through print trade

  • introduced ideas like natural rights, checks and balances, social contract (people in contract with government)

• New Light Clergy

  • preached against Enlightenment and elites

  • leveled out society

• Great Awakening

  • massive religious revival

  • Leaders - Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield

  • massive impact

• began experiencing growing mistrust between US and Brit

  • Impressment - seizing colonial men and making part of navy

    • Colonists protested

  • becoming aware of natural rights and refusing to let them be broken

Slavery

• 3 million+

• mostly sold to West Indies but every British colony had slaves

  • Chesapeake and South held alot

    • Slave Codes

      • made perpetual institution, slave = property/chattel

  • NE had little

• Some blacks rebelled

  • Covert

    • maintain culture and religious

    • faked illness

    • deliberately broke tools

  • Overt

    • Stono Rebellion

      • burned plantations and killed whites

Other Countries

Dutch

• economic goals

• Protestant, didn’t show interest in conversion

• New Amsterdam = hub of trade

French

• interested in trade (fish and fur)

• relatively few in America

• mostly around North America

• some married natives for better trading relationships (alliances)

  • Ex: Olijubwe Indans

  • mutally beneficcal

Unit 3

French and Indian War

• War of French and Indians vs the British

  • Indians saw conflict between European powers as way to maintain control

• a part of the greater global conflict of 7 years war (still between mainly French and British)

• Causes:

  • Territorial disputes between British and French in Ohio River Valley (Fort Duesquese)

  • quartering British troops in homes

  • trying to force Americans to join navy

• Albany Congress - failed plan by Ben Franklin to make an American, national unified government

• Peace of Paris

  1. Spain ceded Florida

  2. French kicked out of American

  3. land west of Ohio River Valley given to British

• Consequences:

  • colonists push westward

    • conflict between Indians

    • British establish Proclamation Line of 1763 to protect colonists

      • colonists ignore cause war was fought by them and entitled to land

  • EXPENSIVE!

    • raise taxes on American colonies

Resistance Against Britian

• British made Americans bare part of the financial burden

  • Salutary Neglect

    • British were technically in charge but most rule was left to colonists itself

    • led colonists to belief they were more independent than British thought

• Grenville’s Plan

  1. Stricter enforcement of current laws

  2. Extend wartime provisions into peacetime

• Acts passed under Grenville

  • Quartering Act of 1765

  • Sugar Act - taxes on luxury items and molasses

  • Stamp Act - tax on all paper things

  • Currency Act - prohibited colonists from printing their own currency

• Anger over taxes comes from

  1. Rise in taxes came at a time of lowering wages and rising unemployment

  2. No taxation without representation

     1. founded in enlightenment beliefs (deserve representation)

     2. British say virtual representation

        1. Parliament represents those of all British classes

        2. Americans wanted people who were from America

• Organized resistance

  • Daughters and Sons of Liberty

  • Stamp Act Congress

    • made petitions saying they were loyal British citizens

    • asked to repeal Stamp Act

  • House of Burgess denounces new acts

• British then…

  1. dismiss Grenville

  2. repeal Stamp Act and pass Declaratory Act and Townshend Acts

  3. Bring in Townshend

     • Townshend Act - taxes on paper, glass, etc.

       • united colonists in anger and protest

         • response - nonimportation movement

• Boston Massacre

  • 11 colonist shot, 4 dead

  • Americans = rage

  • saw as evidence of tyranny

• Boston Tea Party

  • Tea Act

    • gave exclusive rights to EIC for tea

  • Sons of Liberty dumped like 445 tons/2 million worth of tea

  • Passed Coercive Acts and new Quartering Act

    • combined together as Intolerable Acts

  • colonists begin arming themselves

Philosophical Foundations

• Influences on Americans

  • John Locke

    • power of government in the hands of the people

    • natural rights (life, liberty, property)

    • self-rule

  • Jean-Jacques Rosseau

    • if power to govern in hands of the people, then people in contract with government

      • government must agree to protect people’s natural rights

      • if not, then people can ignore rules or rebel

  • Montesqieu

    • Republican gov is best

    • 3 branches of gov (check and balance)

• How did colonists change from wanting reconciliation to revolution?

  • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (main 1)

    • taught Enlightenment ideas to common people

  • Boycotts/nonimportation movement

    • increased political consciousness

July 4, 1776 - Congress approves Declaration of Independence

• main author = Thomas Jefferson

  • proclaimed all people are equal and have rights to life, liberty, and happiness. The governments purpose is to protect rights with power form the people (popular soverignty). If the government fails, people must revolt.

American Revolution

• only like 50% supported Patriots

  • others were neutrals and loyalists

• America shouldn’t have won

• George Washington = general of Continental Army

• CA started off rough

  • CA didn’t win a single battle in the first 6 months

    • Major Loss in Battle of Long Island

  • soilders weren’t loyal to entire nation but singular state/region

  • soilders = rough and unprofessional

• Had to fight war of attrition

• Important Battles

  1. Battle of Trenton - important for morale

  2. Battle of Saratoga - turning point

     • convinced French to join

       • showed French that America can win

  • Valley Forge - fears reach their peak

    • military trained by Prussian making them a far better army leaving Valley Forge

  1. Battle of Yorktown

     • French-American force

     • British surrender

• Treaty of Paris

  • American nation with border at Mississippi River

• How did America win?

  1. British leadership made bad mistakes

     1. Howe didn’t pursue Washington’s defeated army

     2. failed to coordinate attacks

     3. Cornwallis marched too deep into Patriot controlled Virginia

  2. Aid of the French

  3. Leadership of George Washington

     1. won support of CC and state govs

     2. defensive strat that minimizes death

  4. American people

     1. currency tax paid by citizens

     2. farmers and artisans giving supplies for worthless money

Influence of Revolutionary Ideals

• America

  • “all men are created equal”

  • opening of gov to more democracy

  • women wanted a greater role in society (Republican Motherhood)

    • women vital in Republican society cause they need to educate their sons

    • Women must be educated to teach sons

• World

  • America = radical government (republic)

  • inspired other revolutions

    • French Revolution

      • declaration of rights of man and citizens

        • inspired by Declaration of Independence

    • Haiti Revolution

      • response to French Revolution

      • slaves rise up and rebel against masters

      • surprise victory against French

    • Latin America countries rise up

Articles of Confederation

• Declaration of Independence meant that Americans were a new nation so it needs a government

• influenced by previous existing state governments

  • state gov focused power on legislative branch

    • same thing happens in articles

  • power in legislative branch

• loose Union

  • couldn’t enforce anything like taxes due to states remaining soveriegn

• No executive or judicary branch

• Each state had a veto for any changes in articles and needs a super majority to change articles

• regulated NW Territory by Northwest Ordinance of 1787

  1. abolished slavery in NW Territory

  2. Provided orderly means for territories to become states

  • best thing from articles gov.

• Shay’s Rebellion

  • caused by horrible economy especially for farmers

  • farmers got no relief from gov and in danger of losing everything

  • militia in MA go to town and gov in MA makes militia to fight them

  • MA couldn’t call anyone for military support

    • showed danger and weakness in articles gov

Constitution

Constitutional Convention and Ratification

• met for Constitution Convention

  • 2 options

    1. make new constitution (chose this one)

    2. fix old one

• Debates over representation in federal gov

  • 2 proposals

    1. Virginia Plan (favor big states)

       1. support by GW and bigger states (chosen by majority)

       2. strong central state

       3. Bicameral legislate

       4. representation based on population

       5. Fatal Flaw - based representation on population which allows big states to crush small

    2. New Jersey Plan (favor small states)

       1. Unicameral legislature

       2. every state had equal rep

  • Great Compromise (by Roger Sherman)

    • bicameral legislature

      • House of Rep - rep by population

        • voted by people

      • Senate - equal rep for each state (2 reps)

        • voted by state legislature

  • Slaves?

    • should slaves be counted in population

      • south says yes to gain influence

      • worry south would leave if slaves not counted

    • 3/5 compromise

    • Fugitive Slave Act

    • ban of slavery taken off table till later

  • 9/13 states necessary for ratification

    • Federalists

      • mostly urban

      • want to ratify Constitution

      • Federalist Papers - Hamilton, John Jay, Madison

    • Anti-federalists

      • anti-constitution

      • Constitution had no protection for individual liberties and gave alot of power to central gov

    • Federalists won by creating Bill of Rights

  • By 1788, Constitution was ratified

Constitution

• 2 major themes

  1. Federalism

     1. the sharing of power between national and state government

     2. Supremacy Clause - certain national things (enumerated powers) trump state powers

     3. Tenth Amendment- things national doesn’t explicitly control state does

  2. Separation of powers

     1. 3 branches

        1. Legislative - make laws

        2. Executive- carries out and enforces laws

        3. Judical - interprets laws and makes sure aligns with Constitution

     2. checks and balances

Shaping a New Republic

• George Washington unanimously voted for president

  • made executive departments

    • heads of departments = secretary

    • secretaries made up cabinet

• Alexander Hamilton - secretary of treasury

  • establishment of National Bank

  • creation of national debt

    • very controversial

• French Revolution

  • GW says don’t get involved

    • Proclamation of neutrality

    • Jefferson opposed

• Pickney’s Treaty

  • Spain agrees to allow Americans to use port in New Orleans

  • South border of American = 31st parallel

• Jay’s Treaty

  • British agree to give up posts on American borderlands in the west

  • Spain feels threatened

    • expands missions

• Whiskey Rebellion

  • GW rode in and destroyed rebellion

  • proved Constitution worked

• Two Party System

  1. Federalists

     1. led by Alexander Hamilton

     2. strong central gov

     3. urban and elite

  2. Anti-federalists

     1. Jefferson and Madison

     2. states’ rights

     3. rural

• GW steps down and Adams takes place

• XYZ affair - 3 French diplomats ask for bribe before sitting down with American diplomats

• Alien Acts - can kick out any foreigner

• Sedition Acts - censorship

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - allowed to nullify any law that overstepped its power

  • made as a result of Alien and Sedition Acts

American Identity

• Republican Motherhood

  • mothers can influence sons by teaching them political ideas

    • need to be educated to do so

  • seen as sacred duty

  • gave white women some rights

  • black and indian women’s rights got worse

• National Identity

  • art used to romanticize

    • style mostly borrowed from Europe

  • literature used

    • Poor Man’s Almanack

  • religion used

    • Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

      • separation between church and state

Unit 4

Jefferson’s Presidency

• Main causes of policy

  • rise of opposing political parties

    • started in GW’s cabinet

      • Hamilton - Federalists

      • Jefferson - Democratic Republicans

        • yeomen farmers, agrarian society

• Revolution of 1800 - transfer of power between 2 opposing powers peacefully (Jefferson’s election)

  • fight over…

    1. American gov

    2. America relation with European powers

1. Jefferson (Dem-Republicans)

   1. got rid of whiskey tax

   2. minimizing military

   3. minimizing government jobs

   4. Louisiana Purchase

      1. sale of land by France

         1. Monroe got more land than Jefferson wanted

         2. nothing in constitution about president buying land

            1. against Democratic Republican values

      2. corps of discovery - Lewis and Clark and exploration

2. Supreme Court

   1. John Marshall - Supreme court judge who expanded court rules

      1. Marbury vs Madison (1803)

         1. Ending: Marbury had right to appointment but Marshall said Supreme court has right to declare laws as unconstitutional and declared the Judiciary Act as unconstitution

            1. increase of power of judical court

      2. Mcculloch vs Maryland

         1. does state have right to tax bank?

         2. Ending: no, national laws trump state laws when they contradict

            1. expansion of national power

3. First Barbary War

   1. Jefferson refuses to pay more

   2. Barbary states stop protecting American ships

   3. Pirates attack ships

   4. Jefferson eventually starts paying lower tribute

War of 1812

• War started cause…

  1. impressing of American citizens to fight for Brit

  2. issues on Frontier

     1. US moving west and conflict with Indians

     2. British sending aid to Indians

• Democratic-Republican HOR wanted war with Britian (war hawks)

  • Federalists opposed this war

    • Hartford Convention

• US didn’t lose/won

  • Treaty of Ghent (1814)

    • left alot unclear (esp in regards to Canada)

    • Monroe wanted to do something abt that

      • Quincy Adams went and negotiated treaty

        • set border with Canada

        • joint-occupation of Oregon territory (Brit and US)

Consequences

1. caused swell of nationalism

2. caused demise of Federalist party

3. showed glaring weakness in US

   1. without national bank, couldn’t raise funds

   2. bad system of transportation

   3. Henry Clay’s American System proposes solution

      1. Federally funded internal improvements

      2. federal tariffs

      3. 2nd Bank of the US

      • Madison and Monroe rejected this system out of regional interest (South)

Expansion

• improved roads and cheap land made western moving quick

• Missouri applies for statehood

  • Tallmadge Amendment - would ban slavery in state after 25 years

    • enrage South

  • Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820

    • Missouri admitted as slave

    • MA split into two states, Maine admitted

    • line to split slave and free states

  • kept balance temporarily

• Florida?

  • Florida wasn’t being taken care of and people raiding US towns on border

  • Jackson was told to force Floridians out and not engage with Spain

    • he ignored

  • Spain pissed but chose to forget to not war

  • Spain chose to sell Florida (Adams-Onis Treaty)

• US wants to limit European influence in Western Hemisphere

  • When South American states declare indpendence, Monroe recognizes them

  • Monroe Doctrine - Europe don’t mess with territory in Western Hemisphere

• Increase in demand for American goods leads to Market Revolution

Market Revolution

Linking of northern industries with western and souther farms made possible by advances in agriculture, transportation, etc

• Technology

  • Cotton Gin

  • Spinning Machine

  • Interchangeable Parts

    • machines used to produce parts in bulk and assembled on assembly lines

    • became basis for American process of Manufacturing (factories)

  • Steamboats

    • navigate up river and down river

  • Erie Canal

    • led to creation of more canals

  • Railroads (1820s and 30s)

    • replaced canals

    • promoted growth of Western farming

Culture Change

• surge of immigrants

  • mainly Germans, Irish

  • settled in NE, some moved West

  • became class of laboring poor

    • lived in tenaments (bad place)

  • many immigrants re-established culture in new home

• growing middle class

• Women

  • Cult of Domesticity - women’s identity and purpose revolved on creating home and having children

    • created separate spheres for women and men

    • only in middle and high class who could afford to not have women work

Expansion of Democracy

• originally voting for property owning, white males

• Panic of 1819

  • Cause:

    • irresponsible banking practices

    • Decresed demand for exports

  • Effect

    • working men want more power in government

      • want to vote

    • lower property requirments to vote

• Second Party System

  • National Republicans

    • loose constructions

    • expansive view of federal pwoer

  • Democrats

    • restrictive federal power

    • Strict Constructionists

Elections of 1824 + 1828

• Elected 4 for presidents (only 3 important)

  1. Jackson (main one)

     1. won popular vote

  2. Clay

  3. Quincy Adams (main one)

  • no one won majority of electoral vote

    • Clay, speaker of the House, supported Adams

      • HoR elects Adams

  • Adams makes Clay a part of cabinet

    • Jackson cries “Corrupt Bargain”

• Election of 1828 - Jackson wins

Jackson Presidency

• Parties (at this time)

  • Whig (National Republican successor)

  • Democratic

    • Jackson’s party

• Tariffs

  • Tariff of 1828 -raised import duties (done by Adams administration)

    • northern and west loved

    • south hated (Tariff of Abominations)

  • Doctrine of Nullification - states have power to determine consitutionality of national laws

    • SC declared tariff as unconstiutional and threatened succession

  • Force Bill - passed by Jackson giving power to use military to force laws

• Second Bank of US

  • established a part of Clay’s American System

  • made state banks close

    • Jackson said national bank favored elites

  • Jackson vetoed and ended it

• Indian Removal

  • Indian Removal Act of 1830

    • Cherokee refused to be resettled

      • Worcester v Georgia

        • ruled Gerogia didn’t have right to impose state laws within boundaries

      • Treaty of New Echota - exchanged Cherokee land in GA for land west of Mississippi

      • Trail of Tears

American Identity

• American Lit

  • Webster Dictionary (1828)

    • used in education

    • standardized American English

• Philosophy

  • Transcendentalism - power and beauty of nature

    • Ralph Waldo Emerson

      • belief humans could achieve moral perfection

    • Henry David Thoreau

      • Book: Walden

  • Romanticism - emphasis on human passion

• Desire for spiritual renewal

  • Utopian Communties

    • Oneida Community

      • convinced second coming already happened

  • Second Great Awakening

    • camp meetings were egalitarian (all people came to them)

    • movement spread to cities by Charles Finney (big preacher)

      • emphasis on moral reformation of society

        • Temperance Movement - no alcohol

    • set foundation for Mormonism

      • beginning NY tolerated Mormonism

      • became persecuted

      • Mormon made theocracy in Utah

  • Abolitionism

    • movement starts picking up steam

    • The Liberator - newspaper, whites need to take stand with moral arguments

    • American Anti-Slavery Society

    • Women’s Rights movement grows alongside

      • Seneca Falls Convention - call for women’s equality (declaration of sentiments)

    • South

      • fields expand causing richer plantation owners

      • plantation owners protected wealth

        • scared of slave uprisings (Haitian Revolution)

          • 1831 - Nat Turner’s Rebellion

        • caused harsher discipline

      • Slaves found ways to keep culture

        • Ex: song

      • most southerners were Yeomen farmers

        • owned no slaves but believed in slavery/racial hieracrchy

      • Southern farmers move West as southern soil loses nutrients

        • expands slavery

Unit 5

Manifest Destiny

• Westward expansion a big deal

  • John O Sullivan (newspaper editor) gave it the name Manifest Destiny

1. Manifest Destiny is to possess to whole continent

2. Manifest Destiny given by God (God-given right)

• Why was expansion needed?

  1. needed more accesss to natural resources

     • Ex: California Gold Rush

  2. new economic and homesteading opportunity

     • migration mostly made by middle class

  3. religious refuge

     • Ex: Mormons

• James K Polk - big believer in Manifest Destiny

  • ran on annexation platform

  • wanted Texas and Oregon

    1. Texas

       1. still belong to Mexico but 3x more Americans in territory

       2. Texas revolts under Sam Houston

       3. Mexico sends forces

       4. Battle of San Jacinto - American capture of Mexico general and signing of treaty granting independence of Texas (1836)

          1. Mexico didn’t recognize since only a general signed it

       5. 3 presidents before Polk didn’t annex due to fear of Mexico

          1. predescessor John Tylor laid groundwork towards end of term

    2. Oregon

       1. both Brit and US had claims

       2. Polk made agreement with Brit

       3. Oregon Territory split at 49th parallel

Mexican-American War

• Polk ran on annexation

  • Texas wanted to be annexed and Mexico saw as reason to fight

• Polk sent John Sidell, diplomat, to Mexico

  1. Mexico sell more land to US

  2. settle location of southern border

  • Mexico didn’t budge

• Polk sent soliders (Gen. Zach Taylor) to Rio Grande in disputed land

  • did this to get a war with Mexico

  • got that in May 13th 1846 (Congress declared war)

• Small American army gained enough ground to get Texas and Cali

  • Gen. Winfield Scott - occupied Mexico city

    • brought Mexico to diplomacy

• Effects (Treaty of Gualdaupe Hidalgo)

  1. Rio Grande = southern border of Texas

  2. Mexican Cession + Gasden Purchase

     1. Wilmot Proviso - proposed any lands gained from Mexican war off-limits to expansion of slavery (growing tension)

     2. Mexicans and Indians living in new territory

        1. Mexicans given US citizenship but Indians not

        2. faced assault on civil rights

Growing Tension

• Issues causing Tensions

  1. Slavery

     1. Labor systems

        1. North - free wage laborers in factories, population growing quickly

        2. South - slave labor on agricultural plantations

  2. Immigration

     1. years before Civil War, large amount of immigrants came

     2. lived in Cultural Enclaves

        1. Irish - NYC and lived in slums

        2. German - moved west

     3. Nativist Movement

        1. Nativism - protecting interests of native-born people against the interests of immigrants

        2. Irish = Catholic, so hated

        3. Political Party = Know-Nothing Party

        4. wanted to limit immigrants cultural and political influence

• 3 positions

  1. Southern Position

     1. slavery a constitutional right

     2. slavery decided in Missouri Compromise

  2. Free Soil Movement

     1. North Democrats and Whigs

     2. new territories to be dominion of free laborers

        1. no slavery (but not for moral reason)

        2. wanted land of white opprotunity

     3. included Abolitionists

        1. ban slavery everywhere

        2. minority in the North

        3. highly influential due to effective strats

           1. words - the Liberator, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, speeches of Frederick Douglass

           2. Underground Railroad

           3. violence - John Brown

              1. wanted slave uprising

              2. raid at Harper’s Ferry failed and was hanged

              3. Brown had connections to many leading abolitionists

              4. South - saw raid as symbolic of northern plot to incite race war in the South against the whites

  3. Popular Soveriegnty Position

     1. people living in each territory should decide themselves

• Henry Clay tries to solve problems with Compromise of 1850

  1. Mexican Cession split into Utah and NM territories and practice popular soveriegnty

  2. Cali = free state

  3. Washington DC bans slave trade

  4. Stricter Fugitive Slave Act

     1. this would break any calm compromise accomplished (North wouldn’t turn in enslaved)

Pre-Civil War

• Kansas-Nebraska Act

  • according to Missouri Compromise, slavery couldn’t exist in this territory

  • Stephen Douglas said territory split into Kansas and Nebraska and use popular soverignty

  • violence erupt in pro-slavery and anti-slavery in Kansas - Bleeding Kansas

  • two legislatures/govs in Kansas - Topeka and Compton

  • failure

• Dred Scott Decision

  • Dred Scott is a slave taken to live in Illinois when slavery illegal

  • Scott sued for freedom saying if he lived in free territory then he was free

  • Supreme Court said no

    1. Dred Scott a slave not a citizen aka couldn’t sue

    2. Constitution says Congress can’t take away property

• Division weakened 2 party system

  • fall of Whig Party in Kansas-Nebraska Act (Cotton Whigs and Conscience Whigs)

  • Democrats vs Republicans

    • Republicans included

      • Know-Nothing, Abolitionists, Free Soilers, etc.

      • didn’t want slavery to expand

      • South saw as threat

• Election of 1860

  • Democrats - Stephen Douglas

    • divided between northern and southern faaction (disunified)

      • Northern - Stephen Douglas

        • slavery - popular soveriegnty

      • Southern - John Breckrindge

  • Republicans - Abraham Lincoln

    • free soil platform - wanted to not spread slavery (not abolition)

  • Lincoln won without one electoral vote from Southerners

  • December 1860 - SC secedeed

    • in 6 weeks, more states followed

    • form CSA (Confederate States of America)

• Why did they secede? - the protection of slavery

Civil War

• What were various factors that contributed to Union victory to Civil war?

• North

  • Pros

    • 4x population of South

    • great navy

    • controlled banks, manufacturing, and railroads

    • well-established central government

• South

  • Pros

    • fought defensive war

    • better military leaders

• Both sides had to mobilize entire economies

  • manufacturing (Union)

  • tariffs and taxes to raise revenue (South)

    • failed due to blockade

• North and South not unitied in war effort

  • Southerners refused to pay taxes to fund war

  • New York Draft Riots - violent protest against draft of young men (only way to get out of draft was be rich so pissed people off)

• Fort Sumter

  • South firing on Union suppliers trying to supply soliders

  • first sign of war

• First Battle of Bull Run

  • Virginia

  • Beginning - Union was positively beating Confederacy

  • End - experienced Confed. reinforcement sent Union to flight

  • shows the Confederate’s strength at beginning

• Strategies

  • Anaconda Plan - North navily blockades South through ocean and Mississppi River

  • South relied on Britian and France

    • France and Britian used a lot of cotton, didn’t help cause found cotton in India/other places

• Rise of generals like Ulysses S. Grant for Union changed tide

  • Emancipation Proclamation

    • freed slaves in the Confederacy

    • not in border states - states not rebelling but have slavery

    • more of a military strategy

      • made less about saving Union and about ending slavery

        1. enslaved workers used this to escape plantations and fight for Union cause

        2. stopped British from helping

           1. Britian just got rid of slavery

    • Gettysburg Address

      • Nov 19th 1863

      • Goals

        1. Unify nation

        2. struggle against slavery = fulfillment of nation’s founding ideals

      • gave speech to dedicate Gettysburg Cemetary

• Battle of Vicksburg

  • split Confederacy in half

    • gained control of Mississippi

  • Ulysses S. Grant

  • Grant set Sherman to capture Atlanta

    • March to the Sea - destroyed all the land from Atlanta to Savannah on trail

    • scorched earth policy

• Union win = success of blockade, destruction of Southern infrastructure, major lossesf

• Appomattox Courthosue

  • Lee formally surrenders to Grant

Reconstruction

• Question: Should Confederacy be treated with leniency or as a conquered foe?

• Lincoln - leniency

  • treating harshly would make tensions worse

  • 10% Plan - minimum test of political loyalty

    • Southern states must agree to following terms

    1. Could reestablish state gov if 10% of 1860 gov pledged loyalty to Union

    2. ratify 13th amendment

• Lincoln killed by John Wilkes Booth before he could do the plan

• Johnson (new pres) didn’t care for equality or emancipation of blacks

  • stood by while Southern elites restablished pre-Civil War conditions

    • Ex: Black Codes

• Radical Republicans

  • South must pay

  • hated Johnson and his policies

  • wanted Reconstruction led by Congress

  • passed legislation that upheld black people and stopped Southern resurgence

    1. Freedmen’s Bureau

    2. Civil Rights Act of 1866

    • both vetoed by Johnson by overrided by 2/3rd majority in Congress

    1. 14th Amendment - all persons born in US are citizens in the US

    2. Reconstruction Acts of 1867

       1. all laws passed into South will be reenforced

       2. 5 military districts in the South

       3. South must also add universal male voting rights to state constitutions and support 14th Amendment

• Impeachment of Johnson

  • Impeachment - trial that determines if president should remain in office

  • Congress impeached

    • Senate failed to pass by 1 vote

      • Johnson not removed

• 15th Amendment - voting rights to blacks

  • Women’s Rights activists mad that they didn’t get right too

    • National Woman Suffrage Association - continued to fight on national level, hated 15th amendment

    • American Woman Suffrage Association - fought on state level, liked 15th amendment

Failure of Reconstruction

• Black population had to adjust to new freedom

  • founded black schools and HBCUs

  • some black men got elected to office

  • Freedmen’s Bureau

• Sharecropping

  • needed people to work the fields

  • landowners provided supplies and land for workers to work and get part of crop

  • similar to slavery

• White Supremacy

  • Ku Klux Klan

    • founded on principle of white superiority

    • burned buildings, controlled politics through intimidation, lynching

  • Black Codes - limited black people and maintained the pre-war South

• All this above happened during federal occupation

• End of Reconstruction

  • Causes

    1. Northerners lost zeal for reform

    2. Election of 1876

       1. Compromise of 1877

          1. Democrats agree to concede election to Hayes

          2. Republicans remove federal troops from the South

• Leaving of federal troops meant Democrat resurgence and worsening situation for blacks