1491 - 1607

• 1491: America BEFORE Columbus

• 1607: Jamestown founding, 1st English Settlement in the New World

Before Columbus

• Native Americans came from Asia through ice bridge

• 60-120 million Natives in America

• 2000 tribes

• Hunters + gatherers

• 3 sister farming: maize (corn), beans, and squash

• Matrilineal: power + family defined by female side

• Iroquois: NY, most civilized tribe, constitution, language, society

1492 → Age of Exploration

• Europe needs spices → Asia, silk road no longer usable

• 1450s: Ottoman Empire

  • Muslim: cut off land access to Asia

• Europe needs to find a water way to Asia to find the spices

• Portugal starts exploration

• Columbus → get east by going west, brings Europeans permanently into the new world

• Spain rules New World + is only one with access to it (at this point)

Spain in the New World

• by 1650 → 6 million Natives left (from 60-120 million)

• Black legend → how Spanish treated Natives: raped, killed, converted, enslaved

• Encomienda System: slavery for Natives, made them dedicate certain amount of time to Spain

• Only European nation to encourage intermarriage

• Pope’s Rebellion/ Pueblo Revolt → SW US

  • Spanish overtake Pueblo

  • Pope leads Pueblo in a successful revolt

  • Other Native nations attack Pueblo after seeing them weakened, allows Spanish to decimate Pueblo

• Gold found in New World leading to Spain becoming very rich + causes inflation, all of Europe wants Spain’s gold

Columbian Exchange

• Global exchange of goods between Europe and America

• New to America: horses, guns, chickens, cows, wheat, barely, oat, honeybees, diseases (ex. small pox)

• New to Europe: corn, squash, beans, tomatoes, tobacco (only vice brought), potatoes, turkeys

1588 → defeat of Spanish Armada (Navy) by Britain (Q. Elizabeth 1st)

• gives Britain control of Atlantic ocean and all access to the New World

• Britain → find a Northwest passage through new land to get to Asia

• Britain wants gold that Spain found in New World → Gold, Glory, God

• Joint stock companies created → many investors pool money to send explorers to find gold

• King James makes Virginia Company to go to America to find gold

1607 → Virginia Company lands in New World: Jamestown VA

• 1st settlers: only job is to find gold, don’t look to settle

• No gold is found

• Out of the first 6000 people in Jamestown only 1200 survived

• John Smith convinces people to try to survive → shelter and food

• John Rolfe find America’s gold and tobacco

• VA is 1st English colony, starts southern / Chesapeake bay colonies

1607 - 1754

1607: Jamestown, first permanent English settlement

1754: French + Indian war

English America

• Anyone can get land in America

  • Indentured servants: someone who will work for (about) 7 years to pay off the rice of a journey to America → gets land at end of indenture

Southern/ Chesapeake Bay Colonies

• VA

• MD → founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics → Act of Toleration allows Catholics to practice in MD

• SC → most valuable colony, Charles Town is biggest port

• GA → made to protect and be a buffer for SC from Spanish FL

• NC → rebel colony, outcasts of society

  • Characteristics

    • geography → farming cash crops (indigo, rice, etc.), larger farms → cash crops, smaller farms → subsistence

    • Harsh geography

    • Work is hard

    • Single men not families

    • Economy based on cash crops and trade

    • More rights for women than in North (bc there are few and men die earlier)

    • Individual society

    • Established church → tax supported, religious society

    • 1st representative government → House of Burgesses in VA

    • 1619: first African slaves brought to America

    • Slavery is more prominent in the south → geography, hard work, more religious in North

    • South embraces Barbados Slave Code → slaves are property

Northern / Massachusetts Bay/ New England Colonies

• King Henry VIII → England

  • Married to Catharine of Aragon (Spain) for 20+ years, one daughter survives → Mary, no sons

  • Anne Boleyn → “lady in waiting” to Catharine, Henry falls in love with her

  • Henry asks Pope for annulment, Pope says no

  • Henry creates Church of England → only change is that the King is the head of the Church, not the Pope

  • Grants himself and annulment and marries Anne Boleyn

  • Henry + Anne have one daughter → Elizabeth

  • 3rd wife (Jane) has son → Edward

  • Edward becomes king at 9 years old → Protestant, changes Church of England to be Protestant (predestination, simple churches; work, pray, sleep) → dies at 15

  • Mary (”Bloody Mary”) becomes queen after Edward dies → Catholic, changes England back to Catholic → queen for 5 years

  • Elizabeth becomes queen after Mary dies → creates Anglican Church → Church of England, mix Protestant + Catholic ideals, mostly Protestant, Monarch is head of Church

• Puritans → people who want to purify Church of England of all Catholic ideals → very persecuted in England

• 1620 → Puritans are on the Mayflower, go to the New World to practice strict religion and still be English citizens

  • land in Massachusetts

  • starts New England Colonies

• Colonies

  • MA

  • RI

  • CN

  • NH

• Strict religious beliefs → have to follow Puritanism

• RI, CT, and NH are all made by people who were kicked out of MA because of religious beliefs

  • Anne Hutchinson → kicked out of MA because of her beliefs on feminism

• Characteristics

  • religious society

  • ministers cannot be governors (minor separation of church and state)

  • more families coming → upper class (upper class = protestant, lower class = catholic)

  • Economy: trade, lumber, fishing, no cash crops, smaller farms for food

  • Communal → shared

• “Visible Saint” - full members of church, vote and have a say in church and society

  • To become a visible saint → have public conversion experience

• Town Halls - members of the church meet to discuss and vote

Middle Colonies

• Penn. → founded by German Quakers (amish)

• NY → dutch, taken by English

• Del. → dutch, taken by English

• NJ → dutch, taken by English

• least English colonies, but still British colonies

• no established church → tax supported church

• bread basket of America -. economy based on bread ingredients

All Colonies

• British citizens, loyal

• economies based on trade → reason for ports

• farming (sustenance)

• indentured servitude

• governor of each colony is appointed by the king

• better standard of living than in Europe

  • higher life expectancy, diseases less deadly, chance to make money

Mercantilism

• money = power

  • colonies (America) only exist for the benefit of the mother country (Britain)

  • America’s goal is to make Britain more rich → by 1700s America has its own identity and society, trade increased (most of which comes from the Caribbean)

  • to control American trade Britain passes the Navigation Acts

    • any trade to America has to go to Britain first

    • never enforced, smuggling

  • Salutary Neglect

    • Britain allows America to do whatever as long as they don’t go against them and continue to make them money → lasts 160+ years

Native Wars

• Pequot Wars

  • in NE vs Puritans

  • Mystic Massacre

    • Puritans burn about 150 women and children alive

  • leads to NE confederation → unity of NE colonies to fight Natives → fails because the king gets ride of it and replaces it with Dominion of NE, which is controlled by the king

• King Phillip’s War

  • vs Puritans (NE)

  • bloodiest war per capita in US history

  • 10% of puritan males killed

  • puritans win, ends all native resistance in NE

  • Natives start to move west

American Society

• Interactions with Natives

  • Best → French: trade, understand their value, intermarry

  • Spanish: forced conversions, enslave them, intermarry, teach, set up land, communicate

  • English: natives have nothing to offer them, no trade, “less than”, get off our land

• Society

  • big ports → trade

  • 1760 → largest cities (most immigrants) are NYC and Philadelphia

  • individualistic society → “rugged individualism” → with hard work anyone can be successful

  • standard of living is higher, but its not an equal standard → classes

  • family economy where everyone had a role → agriculture

Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676

• VA, poorer farmers are pushed to outskirts of VA land → against native land

  • a lot of issues between natives and VA farmers

• farmers ask VA governor, Berkeley, for help vs. natives

• Berkeley refuses to help the farmers

  • don’t know tribes that are attacking

  • VA does a lot of trading with natives, doesn’t want to upset that

• farmer Nathaniel Bacon and followers rebel against Berkely → violently attack the capital

• successful take over for three months

• shows that the lower classes feel that they aren’t represented by the government and will result to violence to be seen and heard (seen in North in Salem Witchcraft Trials)

Salem Witchcraft Trials

• a little religious, but a lot economic

• lower class girls will accuse upper class women of being witches

  • their way of evening out society

  • lower class violently attempts to equalize economy/ society

Halfway Covenant- 1650s, North

• new generation who never had to escape religious persecution, only know harsh puritan beliefs

• less people having conversion experiences, less people in church

• to get people back into the church the Halfway Covenant is created → children of full members of the church can be halfway members without a conversion experience

• successful → more conversion experiences

1st Great Awakening

• by 1730s far less religious society

  • find a way to make people more religious → 1st great awakening

• religious revival, preachers who travel and preach religious beliefs

• Johnathan Edwards

  • “sinners at the hands of an angry God”

• George Whitefield

  • British, bring Great Awakening to Europe, more in south

• Effects

  • first movement to start in America and go to Europe

  • proves America’s importance

  • new religious formed, especially in south (Baptists, Methodists), congregationalism → every congregation is different → individual relationship with religious

  • New lights vs. Old lights (puritans)

  • unites North and South

  • new colleges and universities (Princeton, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Columbia, Brown, UPenn)

Slavery

• Triangular Trade

  • Caribbean → Europe → Africa → Caribbean

  • Caribbean sends coffee, sugar, and molasses to Europe

  • Europe sends manufactured goods to Africa

  • Africa is sending slaves to the Caribbean (am.)

• Rebellions

  • New York Uprising → Manhattan

    • rumor that poor whites and slaves are going to violently rebel, starts fires, 20 people killed, 200 slaves arrested, 100 slaves are killed for starting uprising

  • Stono Rebellion → SC

    • slaves are looking to escape to Florida (Spanish), starts with a couple slaves freeing others and destroying plantations on their way to Florida, 20 whites killed, slaves captured and beheaded

  • slaves will rebel by keeping language, beliefs, family, and religion → keep humanity

1745 → start of French and Indian war (France vs Britain 5x) - 1800 → Thomas Jefferson elected president

1700s Europe

• century of war

  • all of these wars are between France and Britain

• all the wars started in Europe, however there was fighting between French and British in America (only a few battles)

• Britain promises American colonists land if they help fight France

Ohio River Valley (ORV)

• Midwest region

• already claimed by France, a lot of Natives were forced there by the British → this land is promised to the colonists by Britain for fighting in the wars

• French have already established forts

• Natives have been living there for centuries

• Britain sends VA Company to ORV to survey land and divide it up to give to colonists

• VA Company → led by George Washington

• French fire upon VA Company → French and Indian War begins (1754)

French and Indian War

• 1st war to start in America and go to Europe

• Ben Franklin → need Iroquois on British side (most civilized tribe, only tribe on the British side)

  • calls Albany Conference to meet with reps from the colonies to decide how to get the Iroquois on their side

  • at conference Franklin makes the Albany Plan

    • way to unite colonists

    • a commander-in-chief in America that is appointed by the king

    • need someone in America to direct troops

    • stay loyal to the king, not rebelling

  • Join or Die!

  • colonists reject the Albany plan, they consider it disloyal to the king

  • plan fails, but the conference is successful and Iroquois join the British

  • British → send help to colonists → send General Braddock

    • British

    • refuses to listen to the colonists or their allies

• Ft. Duquesne

  • Natives fight using guerilla warfare → hit + run, using terrain as camo

  • Braddock → attack fort using British ways (marching in straight lines and firing)

  • 1800 British vs 300 French

    • British destroyed, lose over half of their troops and all of their supplies, French lose 8 people

    • destroys the myth of British invincibility

• Issues between British and colonists

  • British feel superior, they refuse to promote colonists to leadership positions in the army, they won’t listen to the colonists, insist on British training of the colonial militia (farmers with guns)

    • colonial armed forces are not trained or professional, they are only fighting for land

  • colonists upset with the British

    • colonial militia will desert

  • Britain starts to lose war

  • new Minister of War treats the colonists better (promotes them)

• 1763: British win the war

Treaty of Paris

• France loses all land in North America, Canada is owned by the British

• thousands of colonists rush to ORV to claim land

• British didn’t make treaty with the Natives → still all over ORV

• several fights between colonists and natives in ORV

• Pontiac’s Rebellion

  • colonists give natives smallpox infused blankets

• British cannot fight a war with the natives

  • can’t afford it

  • few people and supplies

Proclamation of 1763

• forbids colonists from going into ORV until peace is made with the natives

• colonists are upset because they were promised land without conditions → they fought for it

• starts fighting between colonists and Britain

• Britain keeps soldiers in America to guard ORV

Acts

• Britain says:

  • soldiers in ORV = expensive, colonists have to pay

  • French and Indian war was very expensive, since the colonists started it they have to pay for it

• Sugar Act

  • first revenue, not protective, tax on colonists

  • act made just to make money for Britain, end of Salutary Neglect

  • protective tax: a tax of foreign goods to make people buy American goods

  • Americans are upset → they rebel → they refuse to pay → Britain repeals the sugar act

• soldiers in ORV are expensive and the sugar act was supposed to help pay for them →

• 1st Quartering Act

  • tells colonists to provide shelter and food for the soldiers

  • Americans are upset → they rebel → they refuse → Britain repeals the act

• Stamp Act

  • tax on all paper products, tax that British in Britain have always had to pay but Americans have never had to pay

  • violently rebel

    • tar and feather tax collectors, burn their houses

• Sons of Liberty

  • lead resistance against Britain and taxes

  • headquartered in Boston

• customs house in charge of stamp act is put in Boston

• Britain calls soldiers from ORV to Boston to protect tax collectors

• Americans → Britain is using the soldiers to control them

• “No taxation without representation”

  • parliament decides on taxes, no reps from America in Parliament

  • Americans want to vote on their taxes

  • Britain = Americans have “virtual representation” (all of Parliament represents all of the citizens)

  • Britain repeals the stamp act

• Declaratory Act

  • gives Britain permission to pass acts on Americans

• Townshend Acts

  • tax of glass, paper, coffee, and tea

  • at the same time Britain lowers the tax on tea in Britain

  • Sons of Liberty = violence, non-importation of British goods → women have to make up for the loss of British goods

• Boston Massacre

  • 5 people die

  • scares British and colonists

  • 3 years of peace

• during 3 years with little violence Committees of Correspondence start

  • letters by the Sons of Liberty to people in elected assemblies in the colonies

  • reminding people of the bad things that Britain has done

• British East India Tea Company has financial troubles

  • makes a lot of money for Britain

  • lowers price of British tea in colonies, lowest price ever

  • they still keep the tax on the tea

  • proves to colonists that tax is not about money, but control

  • colonists upset →

• Boston Tea Party

  • dress up as Natives and dump tea in the Boston Harbor

  • hurts Britain financially

• Britain responds with the Intolerable Acts

  • Boston Port Act: closes the port of Boston until the tea is paid for → destroys Boston’s economy

  • 2nd Quartering Act: soldiers have the right to take over homes if they weren’t given supplies

• Quebec Act: French are allowed to live in the ORV

• colonists call 1st Continental Congress

  • meet in Philadelphia

  • send list of grievances to the king

  • boycott all British goods → daughters of liberty make up for all boycotted goods

  • if the king doesn’t respond then they’ll meet again

• Parliament gets grievances and declares colonies in an open state of rebellion

  • sends more soldiers to the colonies → mainly to look for Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry

  • at Lexington and Concord → shots are fired → American Revolution begins in 1775

    • no independence, only representation

• British strengths: resources, money, trade, set government

• British weaknesses: don’t know terrain, red coats, fighting style, have to win

• American strengths: know terrain, reason to fight, don’t have to win → just don’ have to lose (defending)

• American weaknesses: militia (farmers with guns), no training, need a country to acknowledge freedom so they can trade

American Revolution

• Enlightenment: Age of Reason

  • 1700s

  • people start to question monarchies as the best form of government and organized religion

  • thinkers of the Enlightenment: there has to be a better way that will give the people rights but make the country strong

  • John Locke → power of the government comes from the consent of the governed

    • government’s only job is to protect life, liberty, and property of the people → natural rights → can’t be granted by the government, granted by God, can’t be taken by the government

    • if a government doesn’t protect these rights then the people have the responsibility to overthrow the government

    • republicanism: the people have the intelligence and the right to govern themselves and look out for what is best for all

• 1775 → 2nd Continental Congress → government during the revolution

  • send two olive branch (peace) petitions to the king

  • king rejects them

• Loyalists vs Patriots

  • loyalists 15-20% of population, middle colonies → wanted British trade and protection on the seas → older, wealthier

  • patriots 40% of population, northern colonies, New England, some patriots in south → younger, farmers, militia (Boston militia becomes the army of the colonists)

• after the olive branch petitions, many want independence

  • Thomas Paine: Common Sense

    • independence makes sense → that an island shouldn’t rule a continent → first to write down the desire for independence → written in language that the farmers can understand

• King upset → hires Hessians → German mercenaries (army for hire)

  • colonists upset

• Common Sense + Hessians = Declaration of Independence

  • Thomas Jefferson

  • America has the responsibility to declare independence because the king is not protecting their rights

• America’s loss of trade leads them to lose a lot of money

  • can’t pay soldiers → give IOUs

  • land is destroyed → can’t farm

  • desertions

• on the verge of surrender when French show up → give supplies and soldiers → General Lafayette

• America wins the war

Treaty of Paris

• America is independent

• Canada stays part of Britain

1st Government

• people have more power

• hated having king

• hated taxes

Articles of Confederation (national)

• 13 “United” States and federal congress

  • power split between national government and the states

• National congress

  • no executive

  • congress with representatives from each state

  • any number of reps, but each state gets one vote

  • for law to pass → unanimous

  • cannot tax people, can only ask for donations

  • cannot control trade

  • only power of Congress → can control Western land

• State Governments have all the power → they are the people

  • can tax

  • can control trade

  • own laws

• 2 things Articles accomplish

  • Land Ordinance of 1785

    • send someone to survey ORV to divide it into states

  • Northwest Ordinance of 1784

    • divides land into townships

    • middle parcel of each township free for education

    • no slavery

• people rush to buy these parcels of land from the government

• NW Ordinance defines how to become a state

  • 60,000 people

  • write a constitution

  • Congress gets to vote on whether they become a state

Shays Rebellion

• MA → taxing the people to pay the veterans who have IOUs from the war

  • MA has a lot of veterans → tax the veterans to pay the veterans → don’t have any money → get thrown in jail

  • people sell their IOUs

• Daniel Shays: veteran farmer → leads a revolt against MA government

  • violent

  • lower class vs. upper class

• proves Articles were not working

• need stronger national government

1787 → Constitutional Convention

• 55 delegates meet in PA to “Revise the Articles” → “put too much power in the hands of the masses”

• 2 ideas emerge

  • VA plan (large state plan) → need a federal congress where each state’s representatives will be based on population, congress will pick an executive

  • NJ plan (small state plan) → a federal congress where all states are equal, congress can tax

• The Great Compromise

  • bicameral (two house) legislature

• Article I of Constitution → legislature → congress

  • 2 houses

  • House of Representatives: # of reps each state gets is determined by population

  • people (white males who own land) can vote on reps

  • S. states → how slaves are counted → if slaves count the South gets more reps in House and more power

  • 3/5 Compromise → slaves and all blacks count 3/5 toward congressional rep.

  • Senate → 2 reps. per state, everyone equal, state legislatures pick the senators (not the people)

• Article I Sec. 8

  • outlines all jobs of Congress

  • elastic clause → “necessary and proper clause” → federal government can do anything that is necessary and proper for the running of the nation

• Article II → Executive Branch

  • president → 4 year term (not set until FDR)

  • Electoral College → each state has a # of Electoral votes, # is the sum of reps. and senators, whoever win the popular cote of the people in each state wins all of the state’s electoral votes, to win the presidency you need majority of electoral votes (270 today), each party has electors → whichever party wins the states goes to FL to elect president in Dec.

  • Purpose of the Electoral College:

    • so the small states matter

    • it is to protect the presidency from the uneducated voters → because when first written the electors were educated and could pick someone else (not in their party)

  • Article III → Judicial Branch

    • Federal courts all over the US

    • Supreme Court

  • to become the new government → 9/13 states need to ratify the constitution

    • many are against it

    • minorities not represented in constitution

      • women → “Remember the Ladies” → get Republican Motherhood (title) → says that it is the woman’s responsibility to be the moral compass of America and to educate and raise good republican men → allows women to be educated

      • slaves → many promised freedom in the war, debate over freeing slaves, 1st abolitionist societies, decide that freeing slaves at this point would tear the new nation apart, no ew slaves brought into America after 1807

    • soon get 9/13 states to ratify, however VA and NY do not

    • 2 groups emerge in VA and NY

      • Federalists and Anti-federalists

        • Federalists favor the constitution, upper-class, Hamilton and Madison, Northern, more power to federal gov.

        • Antifederalists don’t like the constitution, Jefferson, southerners, more power to state gov.

        • Federalists papers → letter to VA and NY newspapers to convince people on the importance of the constitution

        • Anti-feds → constitution only gives rights of the government, not the rights of the people

        • Federalists agree that 1st business of the new congress will be to make a Bill of Rights of the people

Bill of Rights

• 1st Amendment → free press, free speech, free religion, petition, assemble (protest)

• 2nd Amendment → right to bear arms, people have guns

• 3rd Amendment → no quartering of soldiers -. because of quartering acts

• 4th Amendment → protects against illegal search and seizure, need a warrant or probable cause

• 5th Amendment → can’t be forced to be a witness against yourself, can’t be tried for the same crime twice

• 6th Amendment → right to a speedy trial, right to confront your accusers

• 7th Amendment → trial by jury

• 8th Amendment → no cruel and unusual punishment

• 9th Amendment → not all the rights of the people are listed

• 10th Amendment → any right not given to the federal government in the constitution is the right of the state → contradicts Article I Section 8 → states vs. fed.

George Washington

• vice president → John Adams

• 1st act is to make a cabinet → group of advisors

  • 1st secretary of state (international affairs) → Thomas Jefferson (TJ)

  • 1st secretary of treasury → Alexander Hamilton

  • 1st secretary of war (now called defense) → Henry Knox

• Economy

  • destroyed by American revolution

  • states owe veterans

  • no way to get fed. $

• Hamilton → wants to make a Bank of the US (BUS)

• States debts from the war are high, but each state has a different debt

• Debate → should fed. gov. take on state debt and pay veterans

• Hamilton → debt is important, federal gov. will take on states’ debt from war and all $ owed to foreign powers

  • if we owe foreign nations → keep trading with us to make sure economy is good so they are guaranteed their money

  • BUS will help US economy and allow for trade

• to pay off state debts → excise tax (tax on whiskey tea, stamps, etc.)

  • taxes hated → especially in the South (whiskey is used as barter

• TJ is against BUS → not a power listed in the constitution, should be state banks instead

• Strict vs. Loose constructionists of the constitution

  • TJ → strict → gov. can only do what constitution says

  • Hamilton → loose → implied powers, if it doesn’t say they can’t then they can → Bus = necessary and proper

• BUS → chartered 1791 → 20 years, expire in 1811

• BUS → leads to 1st political parties → Federalists and Democrat-Republicans (didn’t plan for this)

• Federalists: upper-class, NE and N, Hamilton, Adams, favor fed. power over state power, implied powers or loose constructionists of Constitution, favor England over France

• Democrat-Republicans: farmers, S and W, Jefferson, Madison, favor state power over fed. power, strict constructionists of constitution, favor France over England

Washington Domestic Affairs

• people in S and W are not happy with BUS and are super unhappy with excise taxes on whiskey to fund the bank

• whiskey tax hurts people in S and W the most

• group → Whiskey Boys → start Whiskey Rebellion against tax → lower-class violently rebelling against “unfair” government

• Washington → lead an army to put down the rebellion (rebellion fails)

  • proves the Constitution does work because fed. gov. and pres. have power to put down rebellion -. gives people other ways to protest → non-violently, 1st Amendment

Washington Foreign Affairs

• 1789 → French Rev. Starts
  
  

• French people ask US for help in overthrowing king
  
  

• Washington says no → not ready
  
  

• Democrat-Republicans want to help the French
  
  

• Citizen Genet Affair
  
  

  • Genet → French → goes to SC to get help for rev. after Washington says no

  • Dem-Rep → stronger in S → want to help French

  • under Articles of Confederation SC could’ve helped the French on their own

  • Washington steps in and tells Genet that US is one nation and will not support the French

    • proves the constitution works in foreign affairs

• Britain and France → fighting each other → both ask US to take sides
  
  

  • both are disrupting trade, cannot trade any war-related stuff, can only trade medicine and food → attack ships so we can’t trade

  • Impressment → allows them to board any US ship and force and British citizen to join the British navy

  • Britain → hasn’t left ORV

  • do trade more with British and France killed their king

  • both sides force US to choose between them _>

  • Jay’s Treaty

    • with Britain

    • Britain agrees to leave western forts

    • agrees to compensate merchants for goods taken or lost when ships are attacked

    • US agrees to pay all pre Rev. war debt to Britain

    • US agrees to give Britain “most favorable nation” status → solidifies political parties in the US

• Washington
  
  

  • makes BUS

  • helps economy

  • keeps foreign and domestic peace

  • makes Constitution work

  • Farewell Adress

    • warns against “entangling alliances”

    • telling US to stay out of European affairs

    • warning against political parties

• Election of 1796
  
  

  • Feds: John Adams and Pinckney

  • Dem-Rep: TJ

  • most votes → Adams, VP →

    • Pres. and VP are of different parties

• Adams Presidency
  
  

  • France upset → start attacking US ships

  • Adams sends delegates to France to work out a treaty

  • XYZ Affair

    • France refuses to allow US delegates to meet with foreign minister

    • sends three French delegates → XYZ

    • XYZ → to meet with foreign minister → give them $250,000, loan France $12m, and apologize

    • US delegates refuse, return home → “Quasi War” starts with France → undeclared war

      • “Millions for defense, not a penny for tribute”

    • Dem-Rep → not popular

  • Alien and Sedition Acts passed

    • Alien act → against immigrants (France targeted) → makes it harder to become a US citizen

    • Sedition act → speaking out against gov. is made illegal _. arresting Dem-Rep and anyone against war

    • TJ and Dem-Reps → against Sedition acts

  • TJ and Madison write VA and KY Resolutions

    • constitution → an agreement between the states

    • if ever a fed. law is passed that specifically hurts one state or area they don’t have to follow it → state can nullify law

• o Adams → Quasi War is hurting the nation
  
  

  • makes peace with France

  • helps nation, but hurts himself politically

• Election of 1800
  
  

  • Dem-Rep → TJ and Burr

  • Feds. → Adams and Pinckney

  • TJ and Burr tie for the presidency

    • House of Reps. → choose the pres. if no one gets a majority of electoral votes

    • Leader of house → Hamilton → pushes for people to pick TJ

    • TJ becomes pres. → Burr VP

  • Revolution of 1800

    • election of TJ

    • peaceful exchange of political power between parties

1800: revolution of 1800, election of TJ, peaceful transition of power

1848: end of Mexican-American war and start of civil war era

TJ → Dem-Rep (Jeffersonian Republicans)

• Era of Common Man (1840)

  • more power into the hand of the farmers (”common man”), not elite, northern, upper-class federalists

• More power to states

  • decreases the number of people in the federal government

  • decreases federal debt by $50 million

• Makes West Point

  • against standing army

  • military academy to train people to lead militia

• Overturns alien and sedition acts

Judiciary Act of 1801 → last act passed by Adams

• created Midnight Judges

  • new federal judges in federal courts made on Adam’s last day as president

  • federal courts and judges → judge state laws → because of Midnight Judges → courts are all federalists

  • federalists still have control of the courts

Marbury v. Madison

• Marbury sues TJs presidency so he can be appointed as a Midnight Judge

• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court → John Marshal

  • strong federalists → believes federal government should have power over the states

• Marshall rules that the Judiciary act that made the Midnight Judges is unconstitutional

• Establishes Judicial Review → supreme court can judge the constitutionality of laws

LA Purchase → 1801

• Spain owned Missi. River and port of New Orleans

• Spain allowed US to use Missi. River and port of New Orleans

  • able to drop goods in New Orleans to await trade

• 1790s → Napoleon takes over France and Spain

  • France now owns Missi. River and New Orleans and all LA land

• TJ sends delegates to France to buy port of New Orleans for $10 million

• buying land → not mentioned at all in constitution

  • doesn’t say he can’t → implied powers

• Jefferson decides that the port of New Orleans is “necessary and proper”

• As American delegates are going to France, France loses a rebellion in Haiti (French owned) → Napoleon decides to not try and capture land in North American (concentrate on Europe)

• Napoleon offers all of the LA Territory for $15 million

• doubles American land

TJ First Term

• successful

• doubles US land

• decreases debt

• power to the people and states

• runs for re-election, but wants a new VP

  • Aaron Burr runs for Gov. of NY

  • Hamilton hates Burr → campaigns against him

  • Burr loses → challenges Hamilton to a duel → Hamilton dies

TJ Second Term

• deal with Barbary Pirates

  • from Tripoli → Africa

  • get into an undeclared naval war with pirates

• In Europe → Napoleonic Wars

  • Britain vs. France

  • Us declares neutrality and US economy benefits from this war → trade is up

  • British navy _> starts attacking US ships that are trading with France

  • impressment → forcing citizens into the British navy

  • USS Chesapeake → fired upon by Britain and three Americans are killed

  • Britain → still in western forts

• people become upset with Britain

• US passes 1st non-importation act

  • try to not use French or British goods

  • after Britain attacks US ships, both France and Britain try to prevent the other from trading with US

• TJ calls up militia to prepare for war → doesn’t want to have a war → “peaceful coersion”

• To avoid war TJ passes Embargo Act

  • stop trade with all European nations → they need US goods more than US needs them

  • hurt Britain and France economically

  • avoid war

• Embargo Act backfires and destroys US economy

• To help → pass 2nd non-importation act

  • no trading with Britain or France

  • can trade with other European nations

• Non-importation act doesn’t work

  • northern merchants are hurt the most → federalists

• Macon’s Bill #2

  • open up trade to either Britain or France → whoever opens up trade to them first

  • France wins → trade with France

War of 1812

• 1810

  • not trading with Britain → more attacks on US ships and impressment → violent in western fronts

  • new people in congress → War Hawks

    • Great Triumvirate _> Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster

    • want war with Britain

• 1812 → US declares war on Britain

  • between US and natives/Canadians

  • Blue Light Federalists

    • pro Britain people in the north

    • find a way to tell Britain when US ships were leaving port

    • makes people upset with the federalists

• Hartford Convention

  • meeting in CT of federalists

  • come up with new ideas to change the government

  • get rid of 3/5 compromise → have blacks not count towards congressional representation

  • make it more difficult for states to join the union

  • make it harder to declare war

  • all of these ideas are to give more power to the federalists

  • federalists bring their ideas to DC and find it burning

  • destroys the Federalists party → viewed as unpatriotic

• Battle of New Orleans

  • makes Andrew Jackson a national hero

  • US victory

• Battle of Tippecanoe

  • makes William Henry Harrison a hero

• 1814 → Treaty of Ghent

  • ends war

  • proves US independence → defeated Britain alone

Era of Good Feelings

• 1816-1828ish

• One political party → Dem-Rep

  • everyone follows states rights idea

• era of great nationalism

  • pride for your nation

  • just beat Britain in a war

• good economy

• sectionalism

  • divide between the different areas of America → between North and South

• The Panic of 1819

  • slight depression

• Henry Clay’s American System

  • BUS

    • 1st BUS expired in 1811

    • war of 1812 proved that we needed some sort of BUS

    • 1816 → make 2nd BUS → another 20 year trial

  • High Tariff

    • make people buy US goods

    • Southern farmers hate a high tariff because they export most of their goods → their goods are more expensive and people in other countries won’t buy them

    • Northerners like the high tariff because it makes foreign goods in the US more expensive → people buy the northern, American goods

    • Tariff of 1816 → highest tariff yet

  • Internal improvements

    • roads. canals → ways to connect all areas of the US

    • Erie canal built

    • no national roads → vetoed in congress because it’s national

  • Goal of the American system is to make the US dependent on US goods, not European goods, so they’re not economically dragged into a war again

• John Marshall supreme court decisions

  • more power to national government

  • Dartmouth v. Woodward

    • Dartmouth: has a charter with King to remain a private university

    • Rhode Island wants to take over Dartmouth and make it a state university → controlled by RI

    • Ri has states’ rights over Dartmouth, not under King anymore

    • Marshall rules that the King’s charters are still valid and are an extension of the national government

  • McCulloch v. Maryland

    • ruled that BUS is constitutional

• Missouri Compromise

  • 1819 → Missouri wants to be a state → first state from the LA purchase

  • apply to be a slave state

  • number of states between free and slave is equal

  • Tallmadge Amendments

    • says Missouri can be a slave state, but no new slaves are brought in a and all slaves are free on their 25th birthday

  • Henry Clay → the Great Compromiser

  • Missouri comp. or comp. of 1820 says that Missouri can be a slave state, but Mass. must give up Maine → also there will be no slavery above 36 30 → southern border of Missouri

• Adams-Onis Treaty

  • US takes FL from Spain and gives up rights to TX for now

• Monroe Doctrine

  • 1823

  • Spain is weak → starting to lose colonies in America → afraid another European country will try to take the Spanish colonies and fight America

  • US makes Monroe Doctrine as a warning to Europe to stay out of the western hemisphere

  • promise not to get involved in Europe

  • an attack on any part of the Americas is an attack on the US

  • name theirselves protectorate of all Americas

Election of 1824

• have people who run from different parts of the nation instead of parties

• JQA (John-Quincy Adams)

  • favored in North and NE

  • secretary of state

  • son of a president

• Henry Clay

  • leader of the House

  • favored in NW and midwest

• Andrew Jackson

  • favored in South

• William Crawford

  • secretary of war

  • favored in South

• AJ → 38% of electoral vote

• JQA → 32%

• Crawford → 16%

• Clay → 14%

• No majority, only the top three go to the House elections

• “Corrupt Bargain”

  • alleged secret deal between JQA and Henry Clay

  • if Clay makes JQA, JQA will make Clay secretary of state

• JQA gets presidency and Clay is secretary of state

JQA → Democrat-Republican

• proposes a national highway system

• proposes national university

• proposes national observatory

• all proposed things are national so he isn’t popular

Election of 1828

• return of two party system

  • National Republicans vs. Democrats

    • both want states rights

    • national republicans want American system

    • democrats say slavery is the state’s choice

    • democrats want more people involved in the government

• national republicans → JQA

• democrats → AJ

• mud slinging campaign

  • against the candidates

• voter turnout doubled because America got rid of property qualifications to votes → common man

• AJ wins in landsline

Andrew Jackson → populous president

• fells that he represents all the people, especially those who don’t have a say in politics

• Spoils System

  • reward political support with political jobs

  • AJ will give government jobs to supporters

    • more people in government

    • loyalty to AJ → easier for him to do what he wants

    • no check on AJ’s power

    • no qualifications

• Kitchen Cabinet

  • AJ’s closest friends who he would go to for advice before his official cabinet

• Jacksonian Democracy

  • power of president grow

  • area of the common man

  • rights of the states

• AJ and Natives

  • Natives keep getting pushed west

  • Cherokee

    • most civilized (assimilated)

    • own a large amount of land in GA → given to them by the King

  • 1830 → GA wants Cherokee land → valuable

  • Cherokee say no

  • GA says its states rights and they should own the land

  • AJ agrees and makes Indian Removal Act

    • give land to Natives in the west (now Oklahoma)

  • Cherokee refuse and sue for the right to stay on their land in GA

    • go to supreme court → John Marshall

    • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

    • Worcester v. Georgia

    • Marshall rules in favor of the Cherokee because of their treaty with the King → same as Dartmouth

  • AJ Says no

    • Marshall made the ruling, let him go enforce it

  • Trail of Tears

    • fore Cherokee and other natives off their land

    • 4000 Cherokee die

• Tariff and AJ

  • 1828 → “Tariff of Abominations”

    • very high tariff

    • helps US economy → pays off debt

    • hurts the South → hurts their trade

  • John C. Calhoun

    • from SC

    • AJ’s VP

    • hates AJ

  • Calhoun writes SC Exposition (anonymously)

    • about tariff

    • urges south to nullify the tariff

  • Nullification Crisis

    • Calhoun bases his argument on VA and KY resolutions

      • a state can nullify a federal law if it specifically hurts their area/state more than others

    • crisis → should they be able to do this

  • AJ → have to pay the tariff

  • Calhoun resigns as VP → make us

  • Force Acts passed

    • allow AJ to send the army to SC to force them to pay tariff

  • Henry Clay → makes a compromise to avoid a war

    • slowly lower tariff to 1816 tariff

    • both sides agree

• AJ and BUS

  • hates BUS → calls it unconstitutional

    • McCulloch v. Maryland proves it is constitutional

  • BUS → expires in 1836

  • AJ’s enemies (Clay, Calhoun)

    • decide → use bank 1832 election to try to get AJ out of office

  • 1832 → Congress recharters BUS for 20 years

    • AJ → veto back and lose support in North or sign it and lose support in South

  • AJ vetos the BUS

    • used veto more than all presidents before him combined

  • wins another landslide in 1832

  • to prove US doesn’t need a BUS (and because he’s mad) → AJ takes all US money out of BUS and puts it in “pet” (state) banks

  • Head of BUS → Nicholas Biddle

    • calls in all bank loans

    • people can’t pay back all loans and lose their land

  • AJ responds with Specie Circular

    • all western land must be bought with gold or silver, not loans

    • destroys US economy → Depression of 1847

    • BUS expires in 1836 and don’t get a new one

• AJ → very popular, changes the presidency, people look for strong president

Election of 1836

• new political party → Whigs

  • “I hate AJ club”

  • like American System

  • increase education

  • lead by Clay and Calhoun

  • put up several candidates

• Democrats → Van Buren

• Van Buren wins

  • president during depression of 1837

  • Trail of Tears

Politics in Jackson Era

• Texas

  • owned by Spain → then by Mexico

  • 1820s → Mexico calls for people and opens up borders → only want Roman Catholic families with no slaves

  • huge rush of people to Texas for land → slave owners from South → way to spread slavery

    • 1835 → 3000 Americans in Texas

  • 1836 → American Texans declare Texas independence from Mexico → not American government

  • Texas wins → gets independence → apply to be a slave state

  • Congress refuses statehood → Texas becomes an independent nation → “lone star state”

• Election of 1840

  • log cabin and hard cider campaign

  • Democrats → Van Buren → legacy of AJ

  • Whigs → William Henry Harrison

    • war hero

    • VP → former Democrat who hates AJ → John Tyler

  • “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”

  • Dems published stories that WHH lived in a log cabin and drank hard cider (a poor man’s drink)

    • try to make him seem poor and uneducated → not suitable

  • height of Common Man

    • poorest leaders are considered the best

  • completion of switch from the elite federalists to the common democrats

  • WHH wins → dies in 4 weeks

    • first president to die in office

  • John Tyler is president

    • “His Accidency”

    • some people want to revote

  • Whigs try to reestablish the bak and Tyler vetos it → try to raise the tariff and he vetos it

  • Whigs vote Tyler out of the party → president without party

• Election of 1844

  • Whigs → Henry Clay

  • Democrats → “dark horse candidate” → James Polk

    • from TN

    • “Young Hickory”

  • election focuses on Manifest Destiny

    • God given right to rule from sea to shining sea

    • western expansion

  • Democrats want Manifest Destiny

  • Whigs → “Who is James K. Polk?”

  • Polk wins → many see this as validation of Manifest Destiny by the people

• because of election of 1844 → Congress accepts TX statehood

• to fully achieve Manifest Destiny → need Oregon Territory and New Mexico Territory

• Oregon

  • Polk promised 54’40” or fights → Southern boundary of Alaska

  • area owned by both US and Britain → no boundaries set

  • Polk sends people to survey land → nothing there

  • works out treaty with Britain to split the land

  • upsets Democrats → wanted more land (power)

• New Mexico/ California

  • sends delegates to Mexico to buy land for $25 million

  • Mexico rejects

  • start looking for reasons to start a war

  • US sends warships to the Gulf of Mexico

  • send troops to Mexican border under leadership of Zachary Taylor → “Old Rough and Ready”

  • send people to CA to start an insurrection against Mexico

  • 1846 → Mexico declares war on the US

• Mexican-American War

  • there is immediate discussion on whether or not new land will be slave or free

  • Wilmot Proviso made

    • attached to an army appropriations bill

    • proviso said → no slavery in Mexican Territory

    • if South votes no then they vote no to giving the army supplies

    • Proviso and Army Bill → sectional, non-party vote

    • southerners, whigs, and democrats vote no

    • northerners vote yes

    • doesn’t pass

  • 1845 → America wins → Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

    • US gets Mexican cession land

    • US government gives Mexico $15 million

    • nothing done about slavery

Society and Economy 1820s-1850

• Reform Era 1820s-1850

  • changes in politics, economy, and society

  • Politics: new political parties, common man, all white men can vote (only country)

  • Time of great nationalism

    • Alexis de Tocqueville → Democracy in America (book) → how great America is

      • freedoms not in other countries

      • opportunities → no nobility

      • lower classes can be successful

    • American dream

    • Rugged Individual ism

      • with hard work, anyone can be successful in America

    • influx of immigrants

    • Age of Old Immigrants 1830s-1870s

      • Irish → very poor people, 1840s → potato famine → look to leave Ireland for a better life, still poor in America, stay in port cities, Americans hate them, NINA (no Irish need apply), Irish will embrace jobs in police forces

      • Germans → come over for political reasons, more upper-class → can move westward, Americans hate the Germans, don’t assimilate, keep language, stay in own communities

    • 1st nativist (anti-immigration) political party

      • order of the star spangled banner → Know Nothings

  • Economy:

    • 1820s → first industrial revolution

      • 1st factories → Samuel Slater → textiles → North → what we get from Britain → high tariff

      • Northern factories use Southern cotton → inter-independence → part of American system

    • Market Revolution

      • people start buying and selling things rather than producing everything themselves and specializing in goods

      • more capitalistic

      • changes society: new jobs in factories → men go off to work for the 1st time, some women work in factories

        • Lovell Girls → Mass. → single → watched

        • causes separate spheres → men go to work and women are house wives

        • the cult of domesticity

      • 1st Canals

      • McCormick reaper

      • John Deere plow

  • Society: Social reform

    • 2nd Great Awakening → 1830s

      • people are less religious → Enlightenment → Deism → God created the world and men with logic and reason and is not involved in everyday life

      • bring people back to religion using loving and forgiving God

      • very emotional religion

      • moves religion west

      • women involved in religions

      • new religions → burned over district of NY

    • societal reforms because of the 2nd GA

      • temperance → no alcohol → led by women

      • prison reform

      • education → 3R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic) → so people can vote better

      • abolitionism → most of the North passed laws outlawing slavery

        • slave revolts → Denmark Vesey (fails), Nat Turner 1831 (fails, violent)

        • some free salves → most common way to get freedom was to buy it

      • suffrage → right to vote

      • Seneca Falls Convention → 1848

        • led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

        • Declaration of Sentiments

        • because women led all society reforms → choose between efforts in abolitionism and suffrage → decide on abolitionism

1844-1877

• Road to Civil War

• Civil War

• Reconstruction

Road to the Civil War (pt. 1)

• Missouri Compromise

  • cut the nation in half → slaver in south, free in north

• Nullification Crisis

  • can a state nullify a federal law

  • about states’ rights

  • do states have the right to decide slavery in their area or is it a federal law

• Westward Expansion

  • Manifest Destiny

  • new debate over slavery in the new lands

  • Mexican Cession territory is debated on slaver or not → compromises have been able to keep peace over slaver

    • comp. of 1820

    • tariff comp.

    • gag resolution

• 1848 Presidential Election

  • will decide in Mexican Cession Territory will be free or slave

  • Southern Rights party

    • slaves are property → can’t be denied

    • all new land should be open to slavery

    • John C. Calhoun

  • Free Soil party

    • slavery is a moral wrong and should be denied everywhere

    • Martin Van Buren

  • Democrats

    • split

    • some want to use Missouri Comp. line → all Mexican Cession Territory will be slave

    • some want popular sovereignty

      • what the people decide

      • don’t make a law, let the states decide

      • Lewis Cass

  • Whigs

    • don’t discuss slavery at all

    • Zachary Taylor → war hero

  • Taylor wins

1849 → Gold discovered in CA

• starts gold rush

• people rush to CA

• no law or taxes in CA

• anarchy

• gold rush means slavery issue can’t be ignored because CA has to be a state

• fights over CA territory → slave or free

• Henry Clay → Compromise of 1850

  • thought that this would be the last compromise necessary and will solve the issue because Manifest Destiny is complete

  • Mexican Territory → split into parts → NM, Utah, and CA

  • CA is free, NM and Utah will be decided by popular sovereignty

  • end the salve trade in DC

  • stricter fugitive slave law

    • kills compromise

    • a lot of slaves were running North to freedom

    • new law → South had more power to get fugitive slaves

    • if a slave escapes → go to a court and get a warrant for their arrest

    • with new law → only need the testimony of one other white person to get a warrant → need no other evidence of owning a slave

  • Southerners go the the North to “find” escaped slaves

  • at courts → judges will get paid more money to “return” people into slavery than to say they are free

  • North passes personal liberty laws → will not follow the fugitive slave law → SC Exposition and VA + KY resolutions

  • Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written

    • Harriet Beecher Stowe

    • personalizes slavery

    • makes North more determined to end slavery

    • South claims that it’s not as bad as Stowe says → that Northerners treat immigrants worse and slaves are like family

• South upset → NM, Utah, and CA → free

  • look elsewhere to spread slavery → Cuba

    • ask Spain for it → no

    • offer $130 million just to spread slavery → no

    • US diplomat in Cuba writes the Ostend Manifesto

      • says that the US ahs a right to Cuba and if Spain won’t sell it to the US them the US ahs the right to take it by war

      • US government is upset at manifesto

      • doesn’t pass

  • South is still upset because they have no more land to become slave

Election of 1852

• death of the Whigs

  • refuse to take a stance on slavery

  • shows the importance of slavery and regional ideas

1854 → Kansas

• Nebraska Territory wants to be a state

• South sees this as an opportunity to get mor slave states

• Stephen Douglas

  • compromise on Nebraska Territory → Kansas-Nebraska Act

    • two states → Kansas and Nebraska

    • have popular sovereignty in both

    • nullify Missouri Compromise

    • proved popular sovereignty wouldn’t work

• people rush to Kansas

Road to the Civil War (pt. 2)

• before 1850 → compromises were successful in avoiding war over slavery

• by 1850 → compromises are no longer working

  • fugitive slave law

  • reforms → abolitionism grows

  • 2nd Great Awakening

  • morality of slavery

  • new states → division

  • North is absolutely determined to end slavery, South says that it’s a state right

• 1854 → Kansas-Nebraska Act → popular sovereignty

  • Nebraska Territory is split in two → Nebraska is in the North and will be free

  • Kansas will be a fighting ground for slavery

  • both pro-slavery and free soil people rush to Kansas → first group with 60,000 people who writes a constitution can get statehood → can include slave or free in the constitution

  • gets violent → Bleeding Kansas

  • people kill each other over Kansas statehood → proves compromise is dead

• Caning of Sumner

  • Charles Sumner is a senator from Mass. → gives a speech against slavery in Kansas

  • SC senator Preston Brooks attacks Sumner with a cane

  • shows that the only way to solve this issue will be through violence → how can the people be peaceful when the government is not

• John Brown

  • abolitionist → kills 200 people in Kansas

• 1854 → new political party → Republicans

  • sectional party → only in the North

  • against the spread of slavery

  • internal improvements

• 1856 election

  • republicans → John Fremont

  • democrats → James Buchanan

  • election will be decided by border states → upper south and lower north

  • democrats → if slavery is abolished → millions of free blacks will take white jobs

  • SC threatens to secede is the republicans win

    • say the republicans favor racial equality (as an insult) → “Black Republicans”

  • Buchanan wins

• 1856 → Dred Scott case

  • Dred Scott → slave → owner was an army surgeon who was stationed in WI for a few years

    • Scott was with him in WI

    • owner dies in MO

  • Scott sues for his freedom upon his owners death because he lived in WI and slavery was always outlawed in WI

  • by living there → automatically free

  • Supreme Court says → salves are property and that the MO compromise line is unconstitutional → the constitution protects right to property

    • illegal to outlaw slavery and slavery must be allowed everywhere

• At same time → Kansas → two constitutions sent to congress

  • one with slaver, one without slavery

  • House passes without slavery and Senate passes with slavery

• 1856 → Lincoln Douglas Debates

  • for senate seat in Illinois → senate is appointed by each state

  • Lincoln → republican

  • Douglas → democrat

  • Lincoln asks Douglas if he believed in popular sovereignty or the Dred Scott decision

  • popular sovereignty → people can choose no slavery

  • Dred Scott → slavery everywhere

  • Douglas → Freeport Doctrine

    • even if slavery is allowed, if the people don’t want it there won’t be slavery → state right

  • wins Douglas the senate seat and loses him the presidency in 1860 → upsets Southern states

• 1859 → Raid of Harper’s Ferry

  • John Brown → raid a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA

  • goal is to arm the slaves to violently rebel for freedom

  • arrested → executed

  • another example of violence having to solve slavery issue

• Election of 1860

  • Republicans → Lincoln

    • stop the spread of slavery

  • Democrats → split

    • half want popular sovereignty → Stephen Douglass

    • the rest want slavery → John Breckinridge

  • Constitutional Union Party

    • keep the union together → John Ball

  • Lincoln → not on any southern ballot

    • only gets 40% of the popular vote, but wins the electoral vote

  • SC threatened to secede if the republicans won

  • 1860 Dec. → SC secedes

  • next six weeks → TX, LA, Ala, FL, and GA all join SC and secede

  • Feb. of 1861 → confederate states of America is formed

  • North → believes the South has no constitutional right to leave

    • the South still has control of the House, Senate, and Supreme Court

    • Buchanan → they have no right to secede but he has no power to stop them

  • North → secession is illegal

  • South → says they do have the right to secede and are completing what TJ said in the declaration of independence → responsibility to overthrow government or make own rights if not protected

  • not all slave states seceded (yet) → KY, TN, VA, Maryland, MO, NC, and Ark

  • one last attempt at compromise → Crittenden Ammendments

    • says slavery in the states that already have it is garunteed

    • keep slavery in DC

    • sompensate southerners if their slaves escaped

    • allow Kansas to choose

  • Lincoln rejects Ammendments because it could allow slavery to spread

  • Border states → important

    • if they go to the south it will make them a lot stronger

Directly Before the Civil War

• Ft. Sumter → federal ft. in SC

  • according to SC → when they seceded they automatically gained control over Ft. Sumter

  • N → bc secession is illegal the confederacy doesn’t exist and Ft. Sumter is controlled by the United States

  • people in Ft. Sumter are from US → northerners

• March 1861 → Lincoln inaugurated

  • first inaugural address

    • wants to reconcile with the South but all federal institutions in the South belong to the US because secession is illegal

    • says this is not about slavery, but it’s about keeping the union together

      • says this to keep the border states, can’t say that he is fighting to abolish slavery

    • says he doesn’t want a war but promises to fight back if the South starts something

• people in Ft. Sumter run out of supplies

  • Lincoln sends supply ship to Ft. Sumter

  • Lincoln tells Jefferson Davis (confederate president) → ship is unarmed and has medicine and food

  • if Davis allows the ship in → still part of the US

  • if Davis says no → attack ship → war

  • Davis → no → fire upon ship → Civil War begins → 1861

The Civil War

• TN, VA, NC, and Ark secede

• MO, KY, Maryland, and Del stay in the union

  • why the North says the war is about keeping the union together

• North strengths: industry, telegrams, railroads, cash, establish government and military, more people

• North weaknesses: have to win, don’t know the land

• South strengths: just can’t lose, know the land, better military leaders

• South weaknesses: agriculture → all money is in land, militia, needs acknowledgement of another nation → why they cant say that they’re fighting for slavery _> fighting for the state’s right to secede

• North → has to attack the South

  • 1861 → fighting to keep the nation/ union together

  • can’t say it’s about slavery because of North slave states

  • says secession is illegal → never acknowledge it

• South → never have to go on the offense

  • can’t say the war is about slavery because they need the acknowledgement and support of foreign nations

  • 1861 → say they’re fighting for the state’s right to secede

• both sides start a draft

  • in North you can buy your way out of it

• to pay for war

  • taxes on people

  • war bonds

  • borrow from other nations

  • North can pay for the war, the South cannot

  • to pay for war → South uses King Cotton Diplomacy

    • 1830s → 90% of the world’s cotton comes from the South

    • 1861 → South cuts all cotton trade to Europe because it will cause distress and Europe will be forced to acknowledge the South

    • King Cotton Diplomacy fails → Europe gets cotton from other places

• Battles

  • First Bull Run → First battle

    • Southern victory

    • Shocks the north and proves it will be a longer war

  • in the first two years of the war the north had very few victories

    • upsets northerners

    • draft riots

    • Copperheads emerge → Northern peace democrats → want peace

    • Lincoln is not popular → protests against him

    • Lincoln suspends Writ of Habeas Corpus

      • Habeas Corpus protects people from being arrested without reason

      • arrests people for protesting war

    • South believes they are one major victory away from European help

  • 1863 → Battle of Antietam

    • Southern attack on the North

    • bloodiest day in a war

    • North loses more people

    • South doesn’t gain any land

    • enough of a northern victory to issue the Emancipation proclamation

  • Emancipation Proclamation

    • frees slaves in the states in rebellion → in the South

    • makes the war about slaver

    • ends any hope of European help for the South

    • gives the North a moral advantage

    • makes blacks flee to North or help the North

    • first all black regiment

    • Southerners leave the war to watch slaves to prevent them from running away

    • Northerners leave because they were fighting for the union, not to end slaver

  • Battle of Gettysburg

    • Gettysburg address

      • fighting to end slavery

      • fighting for the union

      • will not stop

    • General Sherman → time to treat the South like an enemy, not a brother

      • march to the sea → destroy and burn everything in his path

    • war turns into a way of attrition

      • whoever lasts the longest wins → benefits the north → more people and money

  • April 1865 → South surrenders

    • five days later Lincoln is assassinated

Reconstruction

• 1865-1877

• Reunite the country

• 1863 → Lincoln makes a reconstruction plan → presidential reconstruction

  • North believed that the South never legally seceded → make it easy for the Southern states to re-enter the union so reconstruction can be decided on by all states

  • pardon all confederate soldiers and most officials and once 10% of the males of a state pledge allegiance to the U.S. → they become a state again

  • no punishment

  • by 1864 → TN, Ark, and LA have switched sides and rejoined the union

• Northern congressmen hate Lincoln’s plan → needs to be a punishment for southerners

  • upset that no protection or rights are given to blacks → whites who fought against the North get rights, but blacks who fought on the Northern side get nothing

  • when Southern states become states again, all reps. and sen. go back to Congress → Northern reps. ruled congress alone for four years

• Wade-Davis Plan

  • states come back once 50% of males pledge allegiance

  • Lincoln vetoes

• Freedmen’s Bureau

  • help blacks and poor whites

    • get food, clothing, medical supplies, and read contracts for people

    • provide education

• April 1865 → Lincoln dies

  • VP → Andrew Johnson

    • Plan for Reconstruction: 10% of males pledge allegiance to the U.S> and agree to the 13th amendment → become states again

• By Dec. 1865 → all Southern states have followed Johnson’s plan

• In South → Black Codes

  • limit the rights of blacks → freedom does not equal equality

  • blacks cannot own land, sign contracts, sue in court, be on a jury, have certain jobs, and intermarry

• Congress hates Black Codes → pass Civil Rights Bill

  • blacks can own land, sign contracts, have jobs, etc. (not intermarry)

  • as southern states re-enter the Union → reps. and sen. arrive in Congress

  • have to make Civil Rights more permanent before Southern reps. get to Congress → 14th Amendment

  • prevent southern reps. from making Black Codes law

• 14th Amendment

  • guaranteed Civil Rights for all natural born citizens (except Native Americans)

  • all citizens are guaranteed due process of law (all rights of the Bill of rights are protected)

  • anyone who was part of or encouraged the insurrection cannot be in the government (there will be new elections for all government officials in the south)

  • passed by northern states before southern states rejoined the union

  • gave northerners more time to rule alone

  • amendments are very difficult to overturn

• Congressional Elections of 1866

  • Republicans gained enough people to give them a 2/3 ,ajority → veto proof

  • no matter what law they pass, if Johnson tries to veto it, they will override his veto making this new Reconstruction plan the law

• Era of Radical Reconstruction

  • states must have 50% of males in a state pledge allegiance to the U.S. to reapply for statehood

  • all states must pass the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to reapply

  • divided the south into military zones and put the northern military in charge )made the south a military state)

  • south hated this but had no choice

  • north told them that they had the chance to do reconstruction themselves but failed with the Black codes

• Congressional/ Radical Reconstruction → 1866

  • 13th amendment: abolishes slavery

  • 14th amendment: civil rights

  • 15th amendment: voting rights for black men

  • 50% pledge

  • new congressional elections

  • northern military in the south

  • southern states hate radical reconstruction

  • the south will find ways to challenge radical reconstruction

  • to counter 14th amendment → southern states pass Jim Crow Laws → segregation → freedom doesn’t equal equality

  • 1896 → Jim Crow laws made national in Plessy v Fergurson

    • establish seperate but equal things (not really equal)

  • Rise of KKK

    • starts in TN

    • “ghosts of confederate soldiers returning the southern loss in the war”

    • violent

    • lynchings

    • very little punishment

  • 1871 → Congress passes Force Acts of 1871/ KKK Act

    • federal government will prosecute KKK violence rather than state governments

    • KKK goes underground

  • 15th amendment upsets women and southerners → to counter → south passes grandfather clauses

    • can only apply to vote in your grandfather voted

    • poll taxes → pay to register to vote

    • literacy tests to register to vote

  • south → sharecropping and tenant farming

    • allow blacks to stay on land at heavy price and work it for whites for a “share” of the profit

    • very little difference form slavery economically

  • Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

    • carpetbaggers → people form the north who move to the south to obtain a congressional seat → favor the north and radical reconstruction

    • scalawags → southerners with northern sympathies

  • Reconstruction makes (good things)

    • hospitals

    • schools

    • industrialization

    • first black congressmen

    • agriculture

• Reconstruction ends in 1877 when the northern military is forced out of the south

• Andrew Johnson

  • hates radical reconstruction and keeps vetoing everything → vetoes overriden by congress

  • congress wants to impeach him

    • needs to commit a crime

    • congress passes a law knowing that Johnson will have to break it

    • he breaks law → impeachment proceedings → two parts

      • house of reps. → vote on impeachment → did he break the law → voted yes

      • senate → vote on removal form office → Johnson is saved by one vote

Gilded Age → 1865-1898

• 1865: end of the civil war

• 1898: Spanish-American war → US Imperialism

• Government corruption → height of the spoils system

• Era of Big Business

• Cowboys and Indians

• New Immigrants

• Labor unions

• farmers

Era of Big Business

• advent of corporations

  • a lot of $ and power → no rules to follow

  • laissez-faire → gov. hands off the economy

  • no regulations, minimum-wage, or safety laws

• leading industrialists

  • philanthropists

  • JD Rockefeller - standard oil

    • richest man in history

    • first American worth $1 billion → no income taxes

  • Carnegie - steel

    • immigrant from Scotland

    • anti-imperialist

  • JP Morgan - banking

    • loans US money

  • Vanderbilt - railroads

  • Hearst and Pulitzer - journalists

    • yellow journalism → somewhat true sensationalized stories

• Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry

  • Robber Barrons

    • negative

    • people who made their money in unscrupulous ways

    • took advantage of people

  • Captains of Industry

    • positive

    • hard work to get ahead

• Trusts/ Monopolies

  • Horizontal Monopolies

    • negative

    • when one company owns all of an industry

    • people have no choice

    • company can do whatever they want

  • Vertical Monopolies

    • positive

    • when one company owns everything they use in the company

Industry

• 1st dominant industry → railroad

  • 1st transcontinental railroad

  • given/bought best land in the west

    • given land 20 miles of each direction from where railroad will be

  • railroad gives money to the gov.

  • many people invest in railroads and many fail

  • opens up the west to farmers and industry

  • allow goods to be transported easier

  • like American system → internal improvement

  • new cities

  • new industries

  • many railroads were corrupt → different prices for different people

  • scandals → Credit Mobilier Scandal → railroad company steals tax money

  • no laws or regulations over the industry

  • people quickly get upset with the railroads and the lack of regulation

  • many industrialists believed in Social Darwinism → that the wealthy deserved their wealth because they worked harder and anyone could achieve wealth with the same hard work

  • Carnegie → Gospel of Wealth → it’s the responsibility of the rich to protect the poor

  • people look to the government for help

  • 1880s → gov. steps in → makes Interstate Commerce Act

    • makes Interstate Commerce Commission → regulates the railroad

    • not really enforced

• Sherman Andi-Trust Act

  • says the gov. can break up trusts that go over state lines

  • not enforced

• without gov. help → workers start unions

  • unity of workers of an industry who come together to demand better pay or working conditions

  • unions often go on strike → refuse to work until demands are met → picket corporation

  • 1st union → Knights of Labor

    • led by Terrance Powderly

    • invite all workers, both skilled and unskilled

    • unskilled: button pushers → little bargaining power

    • skilled: unique training or skill and is not easily replaceable → have bargaining power

• Strikes

  • Great Railroad Strike of 1877

    • B&O railroad decides to cut wages even while increasing their profit

    • workers strike all over the nation

    • “scab” workers brought in → people who cross picket line to take jobs of striking workers

    • Violence → equality of pay in Penn. → unions banned for violence

    • Pres. Hayes steps in and orders workers to work without pay raise → interrupting mail

    • shows gov. sides with industry

  • Homestead Strike → Carnegie Knights picketing

    • Carnegie hires Pinkerton Detective Agency → safety people to protect “scab” workers

  • Haymarket Square Riot

    • protest against brutality against unions → violent

    • 11 people killed

    • Knights blamed

    • End of Knights

  • AF of L → American Federation of Labor

    • led by Samuel Gompers

    • accept only skilled workers

Farmers

• 1862 → Homestead Act

  • gives people a certain amount of free land in the west if they farm and improve the land

  • American frontier → untouched wester land

  • people rush to the west → have to be successful

  • to have successful crops → farmers need new industrial equipment

  • equipment is expensive → farmers get loans from banks for equipment

  • land is used as collateral for loan

• farmers are successful at first → too successful → make too much

  • farmers join together to help themselves

    • the grange → social gathering

      • turns political, but no very successful

  • wants

    • gov. regulation of railroads

    • cooperative buying of industry

  • farmers will join People’s Party/ Populist Party

    • political party for workers, farmers, and other common men who have no power in the government

    • want

      • 1 term president

      • immigration reform

      • graduated income tax

      • direct election of senators

      • referendum (ppl vote on laws)

      • railroad regulation

      • nationalize → railroad, telephone, telegraph

      • free coinage of silver → causes inflation → more money in circulation

    • farmers want inflation because they get more money, but their loan amount stay the same

    • democratic aprty embraces populist idea

Immigrants

• New Immigrants → 1870s-1890s

  • from southern and eastern Europe and Asia

  • hate more than wester European immigrants

  • why → opportunities → take jobs in factories for less pay → American Dream

    • “Gilded” part of America → a lot of land and jobs → “rags to riches”

  • new wave of nativism

    • do not assimilate

    • take jobs for less pay

    • birds of passage → ppl who come to America to get a job and send money back home or return home

  • 1880s → ban convicts, literacy test to enter America

  • 1887 → Chinese exclusion act

Blacks

• 1896 → Plessy v. Ferguson → segregation

• discrimination

• laws limiting voting

• sharecropping

• 2 leaders emerge

  • Booker T. Washington

    • founded Tuskegee Institute

    • believed that to obtain political rights, blacks had to first achieve economic freedom

    • encourages blacks to work within segregation and do manual labor to obtain economic freedom → build up segregated black communities

  • WEB DuBois

    • 1st black PhD from Harvard

    • Washington’s ideas are only perpetuating stereotypes → blacks should strive for education and getting equality now

    • founded the NAACP → National Associating for the Advancement of Colored People

Natives

• population is moving west

  • immigrants

  • homestead acts

• 1890s → frontier is officially declared closed

  • no unclaimed land in the west

  • still ppl moving west → want land

  • puts them at odds with Natives already living there

• Great Sioux Wars

  • 1868 → Ft. Laramie Treaty with Sioux Tribe → “gives” Sioux land in Black Hills of SD

  • 1876 → gold is discovered in Native land

  • Americans demand the land “back”

  • starts Great Sioux Wars

  • Battle of Little Bighorn → Custer’s Last Stand

    • Buffalo Soldiers → all black regiments sent to the west to fight natives

    • Sioux led by Sitting Ball

    • Sioux win the battle but lose the war

  • led to Ghost Dance

    • ancestral dance used by tribes to get strength from ancestors

    • US soldiers thought the Ghost Dance was a war dance

  • Massacre at Wounded Knee

    • US soldiers attacked and killed 250 unarmed women, elderly, and children

    • end of native wars

• 1887 → Dawes Severalty Act

  • forces Natives to assimilate

  • Native tribes can no longer own land → no reservations

  • no native names

  • no native dress

  • no tribal tattoos

  • if someone has no problems for 20 years → then they can apply for US citizenship

Politics

• corrupt

• Republican led → blacks are still loyal to the republican party

• Political machines

  • party politics → dem/rep party runs cities → bribes to get things done

  • largest machine → NY → Tammany Hall

    • led by Boss Tweed

  • height of the spoils system

  • stalwart → someone who supports and benefits form the spoils system

  • mugwump → somebody who wants reform

• election of 1876

  • rep → Hayes vs Dem → Tilden

  • electoral votes of 5 states disputed

    • Hayes needs all states to win presidency

    • Tilden needs 1 state to win

  • congress → makes a commission to decide

    • 2 reps, 2 dems, 1 independent

  • dems threaten a filibuster → a delay tactic to stop a vote in congress

  • to compromise → dems: give up presidency and don’t filibuster, reps: end radical reconstruction

• 1880 → Garfield president → assassinated by a stalwart

• 1883 → Pendleton Act

  • all gov. jobs → pass civil service exam → curb spoils system

• Cleveland → only democrat in the gilded age → only non-consecutive 2 term president

• 1st billion dollar congress

• 1896 → McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan

  • gold s. silver debate → whether US money should be backed by gold or gold and silver

  • Bryan → Cross of Gold Speech

    • American will crucify itself on a cross of gold

  • McKinley wins

Part 1: 1898-1920

1898: Spanish-American War

1920: End of WWI

US Imperialism

Imperialism: when a stronger country overtakes a weaker one and controls it for economic means → colonialism

• 1890 → closing of the frontier → no new unknown land in the west

• US looks to expand farther → across ocean → extension of manifest destiny

• 1884 → Berlin Conference → Scramble for Africa

  • Europe will divide up Africa and get African colonies

• colonies = power

• US wants power → get colonies → Asia

• Hawaii

  • 1849 → US and Hawaii sign a treaty of friendship → allows US industrialists into Hawaii → sugar and fruit farmers

  • 1885 → US leases the port of Pearl Harbor

  • 1890 → McKinley tariff → highest tariff to date → protects US industry

  • Us industrialists in Hawaii now have to pay the high tariff because Hawaii is a foreign nation

  • Dole → asks Queen Liliuokalani for Hawaii → she says no

  • US sends warships to surround Hawaii

  • After 5 years → Dole proclaims Hawaii as an independent republic → Queen has no power

  • McKinley annexes Hawaii → over objection of Hawaiians and the Queen

  • US takes over and independent and Democratic nation just to benefit economically

  • 1993 → US government officially apologizes to Hawaii

SPAM War

• SPAM War → 1898

• Spain is weak → barely holding on to colonies → Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico

• Spain is mistreating Cubans

  • 1/8 people have starved to death

  • concentration camps

• 1895 → Cubans stage a rebellion

  • US supports them → a lot of industry in Cuba

• yellow journalism → sensationalized stories → supported Cuba → war sells newspapers

• Jingoism is very strong in America → extreme patriotism characterized by aggressive foreign policy

  • US wants to join foreign affairs and prove strength → want colonies

• President McKinley asks Spain to give Cuba freedom → Spain says no

• 2 events bring US into war

  • delone letter

    • from Spanish minister

    • says McKinley is a “cheap politician” and Spain will never listen to him

  • 6 days later → USS Maine blows up in Havana Harbor

    • 256 American sailors were killed

    • US blames Spain

    • “remember the Maine

    • not Spain’s fault

• US demands Spain pay for the Maine and give Cuba their freedom → Spain says no

• April 1898 → US declares war on Spain

• Teller Amendment → added to war declaration → says they won’t take over Cuba

• “Splendid little war”

  • April-August of 1898

• Teddy Roosevelt → TR and Rough Riders

  • rough riders are ranchers from Montana who have no military training → go to Cuba to fight

  • win the largest battle in the war → battle of San Juan Hill

  • makes TR a national hero

• a lot of fighting in the Philippines

• Treaty of Paris

  • Cuba will be free → add Platt Amendment

    • Cuba is free → US has the right to enter Cuba if freedom is threatened

  • US leases Guantanamo Bay

  • Debate → what to do with Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

  • Debate between pro-imperialists and anti-imperialists

  • Philippines → Expecting Freedom

Pro-Imperialists

• Most politicians

• Alfred Thayer Mahan

  • leader of US Navy

  • claimed that imperialism and gaining colonies was a necessity as a US industrial power

• American exceptionalism

  • better than everyone else and have a duty to spread American democracy and culture because it’s better

• Irresponsible to leave the Philippines without “civilizing” it

• Philippines → US territory

• US has the responsibility to “civilize” Filipino peaple

• send missionaries

Anti-Imperialist

• Carnegie, Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers

• US had no right to take over Philippines

• US was like France during American Revolution

• against ideas of Washington

• have little power

• Philippines deserve their freedom

• Declaration of Independence says a government comes from the consent of the governed → by taking Philippines → going against DoIe

Philippine-American War → 1899-1902

• longer and more deadly than SPAM war

• Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipinos expected their freedom and were shocked and very upset at US

• between 250,000-1,000,000 Filipinos killed → mostly civilians

• US wins and Philippines become a US commonwealth

  • an area that is under US control but has its own leaders and constitution → Puerto Rico, Guam, US Virgin Islands

• Insular Cases

  • supreme court said the ppl of US territories do not have all the rights of US citizens

Other Aspects of Imperialism

• China Open Door Policy

  • China had recently been forced to open up to foreign trade

  • countries were hoping to control China

  • open door policy guaranteed no one could control China, but they keep open trade

  • China hates this

• Japan

  • refused to trade → send Admiral Matthew Perry with four US warships to “ask” Japan to open trade → they agree

Election of 1900

• reps → McKinley with TR

  • TR is hated by reps because he’s against the spoils system

• dems → William Jennings Bryan

• McKinley wins and is assassinated 6 months later → TR becomes president

TR and Imperialism

• “Speak softly but carry a big stick” → Big Stick Diplomacy

• TR believed in American Exceptionalism

• felt US military strength is in the Navy

• Panama Canal

  • believed we needed a canal to Central America

  • canal: a man made waterway to connect two larger bodies of water

  • least amount of land to get through

  • owned by Colombia

  • US asks Colombia for their canal → no

  • TR sends warships and convinces Panama to fight for their independence → “Big Stick”

  • Panama wins ang gives US right to build a canal

  • 1921 → pay Colombia $20 million for Panama

• Roosevelt Corollary

  • US has the right to militarily enter into any Central or South American country that was struggling economically until US decided they were strong enough

  • no one else agreed

  • Central and South America hated it

• 1905 → TR wins Nobel Peace Prize for brokering peace between Russia and Japan to end the Russo-Japanese war

• Great White Fleet

  • TR painted Navy white

  • defense of “Big Stick”

  • shows world not to mess with US

• TR changed American foreign policy

Progressive Era → 1900-1920

• Reform Era → compare to 1830s-1840s

  • ppl are sick of Gilded Age

  • want to show what America is really like

  • end corruption

  • curb power of industrialists

  • more power into hands of people

  • plus Imperialism → if we are spreading American ideals and society we need to make sure they are the best

  • we realize parts of American society can be improved → progressivism

  • help poor

  • rights for workers

  • American dream → reality

  • help immigrants

• Muckrakers → investigative journalists that uncover the ills of society and let people know

  • no solutions → let people know of the problems in America

  • Ida Tarbell → uncovers practices of standard oil and how they are a monopoly → leads to a stronger anti-trust act

  • Lincoln Steffens → lets people know about corruption in politics

  • Upton Sinclair → The Jungle → expose on Meat Packing Industry → led to Meat Inspection Act

  • because of muckrakers → people start to make changes in America → led by middle class and women

• one of the main goals is to improve the government

  • more people → get rid of corruption and end control of the corporations

• changes in government

  • direct primary

    • the people can choose who they want the candidates to be for an election → before this the parties chose the candidates

    • takes decades before all states allow primaries

    • gives more power to the people

  • initiative, referendum, recall

    • initiative: people can write and put laws on ballot → not just the government

    • referendum: people can vote on laws

    • recall: getting rid of elected officials → people can vote to “recall” them and force them out of office

  • Progressive Amendments

    • 16th Amendment: income tax → lower tariff → income tax/ taxes rich more → makes things better for all

    • 17th Amendment: direct election of senators → before this senators were appointed by state → people had no say

    • 18th Amendment: prohibition → outlaw manufacturing and sale of alcohol → leads to the rise of the mob → speakeasies → increase in church goers (wine)

    • 19th Amendment: Women’s suffrage → WWI → fight for democracy all over the world → need democracy at home first

      • many women don’t want this

      • Alice Paul → militant

      • Carrie Chapman Catt

    • All the Progressive Amendments won’t be passed until after 1914

      • They taxed the senators for the alcohol and the women raged

  • other progressive laws → led by women

    • laws against child labor

    • federal offices for women and children

    • settlement houses → Jane Addams → Hull House

      • places where women and immigrants learn skills and get clothing

  • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

    • factory in NY where women were working

    • were locked in to “keep their virtue”

    • 146 women burn to death

  • Muller v. Oregon

    • women are weaker and therefore cannot do the same work as men

  • Mann Act

    • makes it illegal to transfer a woman over state lines for immoral purposes

• Progressive Leaders

  • Robert Lafollette → gov. of WI

  • 3 Progressive Presidents → TR, Taft, Wilson

• TR

  • Foreign policy → big stick diplomacy → military (navy)

  • Domestic policy → square deal → equal for all

  • 3 C’s → conservation, consumer protection, and control of corporations

  • Conservation → 1st environment president

    • American land needed to be protected

    • creates department of agriculture, department of interior, national forest service, 53 wildfire preserves, and 5 national parks

  • Consumer protection

    • anthracite coal strike → workers go on strike for more money and less hours

      • TR sides with workers → first government official to side with workers

  • Control of corporations

    • TR → first trustbusting president

    • Clayton Anti-Trust Act → strong → bad trusts need to be dismantled, good trusts should be regulated

• Race

  • TR believed in Social Darwinism and superiority of certain races

  • invites Booker T. Washington to White House for dinner

  • WEB DuBois → Niagara Movement → immediate rights

  • UNIA → United Negro Improvement Association → Marcus Ganey → back to Africa Movement

• Election of 1908

  • TR hand picked Taft → rep. nominee

  • Dems → William Jennings Bryan

  • Taft wins

• Taft

  • Foreign policy → Dollar Diplomacy

    • encourage US investment in Central and South America and make them dependent on it

    • makes them listen to US → can threaten to destroy their economy

  • Taft’s Big Stik → economy

  • domestically → not popular

• Election of 1912

  • TR returns to challenge Taft for rep. nomination

  • 13 states have primaries → TR wins them all

  • rep. party chooses Taft

  • TR makes Progressive Party or Bull Moose Party

    • want women’s suffrage, income tax, control of corporations

  • Dems → Woodrow Wilson

    • most progressive

  • Wilson wins

• Woodrow Wilson → most progressive president

  • Domestic policy → New Freedom → favored small corporations entrepreneurs, unregulated markets, against monopolies

  • cut tariffs → to make up for lost revenue → passed the 16th Amendment

  • Federal Reserve Act 1913 → established the Federal Reserve System 0> basically a bank for banks governed by a public board but the head of the Federal Reserve is appointed by the president → set interest rates

  • 1914 → Federal Trade Commission → regulate business practices such as false advertising, mislabeling, bribery, etc. → helps consumers

  • Clayton Anti-Trust Act → stronger than Sherman and can’t be used against unions

  • federal employee workman’s compensation program

  • appointed Louis Brandeis to Supreme Court→ very progressive and first Jewish man on SC

  • 8 hour work day for railroad workers plus paid overtime

  • liked by other leading progressives such as WJ Bryan and Robert Lafollette

  • 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments

  • changed the democratic party → focuses them on progressivism and change

  • segregates federal offices and armed forces, makes a picture mandatory for federal jobs, showed the Birth of a Nation in the White House

  • Foreign policy: Moral Diplomacy → Wilson’s Big Stick → against colonialism → spread democracy → promote peace

  • will intervene militarily in the Caribbean more than any other president before him → he would only support countries that guaranteed civil and human rights to their people and if not then, through economic and military pressure, the US would intervene

  • two biggest areas Wilson gets involved in → Mexico ad WWI

• US and Mexico

  • 1910 → Mexican Revolution starts → Taft supported the new president because he supports US interests

  • Wilson did not like the president because of his lack of morality (ordered killing of his foes) and supported is opponent → Wilson was also upset that the president was taking weapons and support form Germany → we felt this was a blatant breach of the Monroe Doctrine

  • hoping to get the US involved in order to start a coup, Pancho Villa and his forces murdered 17 Americans in New Mexico and fleeing to Mexico

  • US went into Mexico to find Pancho Villa → upset Mexican president → US leader: John J “Black Jack” Pershing → we went 300 miles into Mexico and never found him

  • by this time WWI is raging in Europe and takes our attention

WWI/ The Great War/ The War to End All Wars

• 1914-1918

• long-term causes

  • nationalism → every nation believes they are the strongest → looking for a way to prove it

  • unity of ethnicities

  • imperialism

    • taking over of Africa → colonies = power

    • Europe → fight for colonies → everyone has colonies → doesn’t prove anything

    • militarism → building up of the armed forces

    • strong army = strong nation

    • everyone does it → doesn’t prove anything

  • alliances → made to deter war

    • all of Europe is divided

  • Triple Alliance

    • Germany (strongest nation), Austria-Hungary (AH), and Italy

  • Triple Entente

    • Russia, France, Britain

• Short Term Causes

  • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

    • Bosnia is an area in AH → hates AH

    • Bosnia is an area in AH → hates AH

    • Bosnia wants to join Serbia and make a new country of Slavic people (SE European)

    • AH sends Ferdinand to Bosnia to convince people to stay with AH

    • July 1914 → Ferdinand is assassinated in Bosnia by a Serbian terrorist group called Black Hand

    • Austria blames Serbia

    • Serbia’s ally is Russia

    • Austria asks Germany if they will help if Russia gets involved → Germany gives Austria a “Blank Check” and promises to help

    • AH gives Serbia an ultimatum → give up country or go to war

    • Serbia o give up country

    • AH declares war

    • Russia and Germany start talking → agree to stay out of war

    • AH is afraid of Russia joining the war → mobilize troops on Russian border → defense only

    • Russia → afraid of an AH attack → mobilizes troops on AH border for defense only

    • Germany → declares war on Russia and France because of Schlieffen Plan

      • Germany plan for war since 1878

      • 1878 → Germany defeated France in war → France is really upset

      • everyone in Europe is positive the next war will be between Germany and France

      • Germany was planning on a war with France

      • Plan → Germany will go to war with France and win in 42 → this will bring Russia into the war → takes Russia 6 weeks to mobilize

      • Germany can concentrate on France first → then after France is defeated → put all troops toward Russia → avoid a two front war

      • Germany → attack France through Belgium → neutral nation

      • upsets Britain → enter the war

WWI Fighting

• Central Powers

  1. Germany, AH, Ottoman Empire

• Allies

  1. Britain, France, Russia (until 1917), Italy (joins in 1915)

• US declares neutrality

  1. favor allies → trade more → a lot of US investment in Allies → need them to win

• trench warfare

  1. thought of as modern

  2. trench foot

  3. mustard gas

  4. first planes → not super effective

  5. “shell shock” → PTSD

     • hard war to fight

     • no enemy

     • no movement → can’t tell if you’re winning

  6. uboats → submarines by Germany

     • allies → unfair way of fighting because they can’t see attacks coming

  7. to counter uboats → Britain puts weapons and soldiers on non-warships

  8. 1915 → Luistania → British ship

     • Americans on it and weapons

     • Germany warns people not to get on the ship

     • Germany destroys the ship → kills 128 Americans

  9. US → mad → to avoid US joining the war → Germany agrees to Sussex Pledge

     • Germany will give warning and allow all people to get off ships before destroying them

     • neutralize uboats

• election of 1916

  1. Wilson → “he kept us out of war”

  2. Wilson wins

• November 1917 → US enters the war

  1. unrestricted submarine warfare

     • Germany warns everyone that any ship entering European waters will be destroyed without warning

     • upsets us

  2. Zimmerman telegram

     • from Germany to Mexico

     • Germany knows that unrestricted submarines will upset US and may bring US into war

     • Germany asks Mexico to go to war with US to keep them out of Europe

     • In return → Germany will help Mexico gain back all land lost since 1848

US in WWI

• April 1917 → Russia leaves war

• November 1917 → US declares war on central powers

• Wilson → convince people to back war effort → 14 points

  • US goals for entering the war and US expectations for peace

  • self determination → people should be able to choose their government → “Make the world safe for democracy → moral diplomacy

  • free trade

  • freedom of the seas

  • League of Nations → world’s policemen to stop war

• Committee on Public Information/ Creel Organization → propaganda

• WWI → voluntary war, not total war (total war = everything is dedicated to war effort)

• war bonds

• US → feeding most of Europe

• new alien and sedition acts

  • alien → against Germans

  • sedition → illegal to speak out against the government and the war effort

• Schenck v. US → put sedition act on trial

  • any speech that poses a “clear and present danger is not protected by first amendment by talking out against war → later overturned

• war industry board made

  • dictate industry

  • suggests pricest wages

• draft

• great migration → WWI and WWII → movement North of Southern blacks for industry jobs

  • race riots → 1919 = over 25 cities

War

• US declares Nov. 1917

• US troops arrive in Europe March 1918

• war ends Nov. 11, 1918

• doughboys

• 111,000 Americans killed

• 21 million Europeans killed and 19-20 million to Spanish Flu

Paris Peace Conference

• Britain, France, US, Italy

• Wilson → he already made the treaty with 14 points

• Britain and France hate 14 points → don’t punish Germany → don’t like US attitude

• Wilson → decides he will go to Paris to defend 14 points alone → president never goes to negotiate a treaty → always Sec. of State and senators because they have to ratify the treaty

• Treaty of Versailles

  • war guilt clause → Germany

  • reparations → Germany has to pay for war to Britain and France

  • Germany cannot militarize

  • League of nations → only one of the 14 points in the treaty

  • treaty goes back to US → senate has to ratify → only part they hate is League of Nations → says it’s unconstitutional because if the US joins the League, US has to join without congressional vote

  • Wilson takes treaty and goes on tour to American people → hopes they can influence senators to ratify treaty

  • US never signs Treaty of Versailles → US never joins League of Nations

1920s

• Roaring 20s

• Prohibition

• Suffrage → Flappers, “New Woman”

• Great depression starts

• 1920s is culturally similar to 1950s and politically/ economically similar to the Gilded Age

• roaring 20s → decade of fun, excess, materialism, embrace life because WWI scared US

• 1920s = response to progressivism

  • celebrate America and American culture

  • rebellion against progressivism

• 1920s = rise of communism

  • USSR established → 1st communist state

  • gov. controls all to make thing equal

  • opposite of “rugged individualism” of American society (without government control(

  • communism scares US because it goes against capitalism

  • anything that is not “American” will be looked down on

  • rebellion (against progressivism) vs. conformity (within American society)

• after WWI → 1919 = strikes all over America

  • production goes down

  • pay is down, soldiers want jobs back → workers go on strike

  • 1/5 of all US workers were on strike in 1919, including 90% of Boston police force

  • strikers were seen as radicals and un- American

  • downturn in unions

• 1919 → first red scare (fear of communists infiltrating American society and government)

  • Palmer raids

    • 5 bombs went off in various government building at the same time

    • communists and anarchists are blamed

    • attorney general Palmer begins raids and deportations of known communists and anarchists

    • 1000s were deported → many were US citizens

  • starts a new wave of nativism

  • try to limit immigrants

  • 1921 → Emergency Quota Act

    • limit number of immigrants allowed into US each year to 3% based on 1910

  • 1924 → Johnson Reed Act

    • 1% based on 1890 census

    • no one from China or Japan

    • 165,000 total

    • Mexicans → pay an extra $10

  • Lindbergh baby kidnapping

    • Charles Lindbergh is an American hero → first to fly solo across Atlantic ocean

    • baby kidnapped → ransom note left

    • mark money and it is found on a German immigrant → executed

• Rise of KKK again

  • more acceptable because they are against immigrants and communists

  • WASP (white anglo-saxon protestant) American

  • against flapper women → for traditional values

  • racist

  • millions of members

• Scopes Monkey Trial

  • conformity vs. rebellion

  • 1890s → evolution

  • in TN → made law saying it was illegal to teach evolution, even as a theory

  • ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) → defend amendments → first amendment

  • ACLU puts an add in a paper → they will defend anyone who chooses to go against law and teach evolution

  • John Scopes → teaches evolution → arrested and put on trial

  • defense → Clarence Darrow

  • prosecution → William Jennings Bryan → says he’s an expert on the Bible

  • Bryan → put on the stand to defend the Bible

  • Scopes → guilty

• politics → a continuation of conservatism of the 1920s → “a return to normalcy”

  • also will have a lot of scandals → especially during Harding’s term (very reminiscent of the Gilded Age) → back to pro-business

  • Adkins v. Children’s Hospital → said women are not entitled to a separate minimum wage law → overturned Muller v. Oregon

  • passed adjusted compensation act → gave veterans money they felt the government owed them from missed wages from serving in WWI → promised to be paid in 1945 (will hurt US later)

  • Raised tariff to protect US goods → has important consequences (great depression rofl)

• other side of the 1920s

  • backlash against prohibition showed more of a rebellion

  • prohibition was difficult to upload → easy to go against the law

  • speakeasies made to bootleg alcohol → ride of gangsters like Al Capone

• New Discoveries

  • electricity, refrigerators, washing machines, radios

  • radios were important → news and entertainment → rise of propaganda in the 1930s

  • first movies were seen

  • Birth of a Nation → first movie shown in the white house

  • “The Jazz Singer” → first talkie → another outlet for entertainment

  • new musical genre → jazz → controversial at first but will influence many other genres

  • rise of automobiles → first mass produced cars → henry Ford makes first moving assembly line

  • “Tin Lizzie” is made

  • Ford revolutionized pay by giving $5 a day so workers could afford the cars they made

  • the car changes society → causes a need for more jobs → highways, suburbs, gas stations, advertising, new car components, new freedom

  • cars will also be one of the many material things bought on credit -. everything is being bought on credit

  • rise in stock market/ investing

  • first age of celebrity

    • Babe Ruth, Charlie Chaplin, Charles Lindbergh, Mary Pickford

  • flappers: “new woman” of the 1920s → wore short skirts, cut their hair, smoked, swore → women have a new freedom → related to 19th amendment

  • Harlem Renaissance → revival of black culture → writers, musicians, poets, painters, etc.

    • embracing black culture instead of mimicking white culture

  • lost generation → group of writers who were against the materialism of the 1920s → moved to Europe

• Race Relations → Red Summer

  • during the great migration a lot of blacks moved north for jobs → opportunities → race riots

  • birth of a nation → influential but racist

  • Chicago race riots → killed 38

  • Tulsa Massacre → 36-300 killed

Great Depression

• 1920s → things were goin well → materialism → things bought on credit

• October 29, 1929 → Black Tuesday

  • stock market was a common way for some people to make money

  • went up every year in 1920s

  • October 29 → 3rd day of selling → stocks dropped drastically → people and corporation lost a lot

  • most people were not invested in the stock market

• causes

  • credit → people bought everything on credit → when banks and corporation saw the crash, they got scared and started calling in loans → people couldn’t pay back loans and lost goods

  • overproduction → made too much stuff because everyone was buying things

  • failure of the banks → “run on the banks” → called in loans and when people couldn’t pay the banks ran out of money

  • cycle of unemployment → people lose money → buy less → make less → lose jobs → people lose money

• Hoover’s response

  • believed in laissez-faire and felt that eventually the economy would fix itself

  • started Hoover Dam in 1930 → gave jobs

  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff → raised tariffs to highest ever → rest of world did too → keep money domestic → worst thing to do in a depression

  • people unhappy → wanted him to do more

  • Hoovervilles → shanty towns outside of cities

  • Bonus March → 1932 → WWI veterans were promised a bonus to be paid in 1945 but they wanted it in 1932 when they needed it → marched in DC to demand it early → army called on them → bad for Hoover

• 1932 → worst year of depression

  • 50,000 banks failed

  • 32,000 businesses failed

  • 30% unemployment rate

  • dust bowl

• election of 1932

  • reps. → Hoover → “it could’ve been worse”

  • dem. → FDR → “New Deal” → gave hope

  • FDR wins

• the New Deal

  • 100 days → the New Deal programs were mostly passed in first 100 days of FDR’s presidency

  • dem. had control of both houses → just told them

  • other presidents judged based on their first 100 days

  • fireside chats → every night FDR would talk to American people on the radio as they sat next to the fire → people felt heard by him and that he was doing something

FDR and New Deal

• people against the New Deal

  • Fr. Coughlin → national radio show

    • “new deal is Christ’s deal” → at first

    • within a couple years he thinks that the new deal isn’t doing enough

    • FDR changes radio laws to get Fr. Coughlin off the air

  • Huey Long

  • thought the new deal wasn’t enough

  • “share the wealth” campaign

  • cap wealth at $1 mil

  • give every family $5k, a car, and a free college education

  • assassinated

• 1936 → FDR is re-elected in a landslide victory

  • he believes that this shows the American people favor New Deal → at the time the NRA was deemed unconstitutional

  • FDR believes no New Deal program can be unconstitutional because it’s unconstitutional

  • Court Packing Scheme

    • increase the number of supreme court justices from 9 to 15

    • mandatory retirement age of 70 for the justices

    • allows FDR to name 8-10 new justices

    • allows all new deal programs to be deemed constitutional

    • people against court packing and it doesn’t pass

  • 1937 → many new deal programs have expired → Roosevelt recession

  • FDR puts $5 billion in the economy

  • 1938 → new deal ends but depression doesn’t

1930s Foreign Affairs

• Era of isolationism

  • high tariffs

  • good neighbor policy → withdraw troops from Central and South America

WW2

• Rise of Dictators → 1920s and 1930s

  • Italy → Mussolini

    • starts Fascism → one party dictatorship, extreme jingoism (nationalism through violence), use of terror, no civil rights, secret police, no depression

  • Germany → Hitler

    • leader in 1932 → legally

    • blames Treaty of Versailles for Germany problems

    • fascist

  • USSR → Stalin → 1924

    • modernizes and industrializes USSR (the ends justify the means)

    • communist

    • totalitarian

    • outside of WW2 → kills 40-60 million people

• Appeasement

  • giving in to avoid war

  • WWI → destroyed Europe → scares them

  • leaders of Europe will do anything to avoid another world war

  • League of Nations = job to keep the peace and stop aggressive action

  • Britain and France led league

  • 1936 → Italy attacks Ethiopia

    • Ethiopia asks league for help

    • league does nothing → fear of WWI, depression, Britain and France have colonies

  • German Appeasement

    • Hitler wants Anschluss → unity of all Germany people

    • first → Hitler starts remilitarizing → forbidden by Treaty of Versailles → league does nothing

    • second → Germany takes over land that was lost in WWI (Rhineland) → forbidden by Versailles → league does nothing

    • third → Germany takes Austria → bloodless → league does nothing

    • fourth → Czechoslovakia (new country)

      • Germany wants part of Czech. that’s in Germany

      • ask Czech. for land → no

      • Germany asks league to give them that part of Czech.

      • league calls Munich Conference → Germany, Italy, Britain, and France to discuss Czechoslovakia

      • Hitler → give Czech. and they’re done → league says okay

      • Britain and France give Germany part of Czech., within one year Germany takes the rest of Czech. and war is inevitable

  • Poland

    • Sep. 1st, 1939 → Germany attacks Poland

    • Starts WWII

• Allies

  • Britain, France, China

• Axis

  • Germany, Italy, Japan, USSR

• US = neutral

  • un-neutral neutrality

    • first act = cash and carry

      • US will trade anything with any nation at war if they pay cash and they come to the US to get it

      • allows US to get cash, put people to work, no fear of US chips being attacked and bringing US into war (like in WWI)

      • Britain has the best navy → block axis from getting to US → only allies trade with US

• Blitzkrieg → lightning war

  • use air-force and tanks to quickly destroy area before infantry is brought in

  • Poland falls in 2 weeks

  • France falls in 1 month

  • Britain → alone

• 1940 presidential election → FDR elected for a 3rd term

• 1940 → Battle of Britain begins → aerial attack on Britain

  • The Blitz = bombing of London for 57 straight nights

• second un-neutral neutrality

  • destroyers for bases → US will give Britain WWI destroyers and in return US will get use of British bases in the Atlantic ocean

• Britain → on verge of surrender → third un-neutral neutrality

  • Lend Lease

  • Britain → no more cash for cash and carry

  • US → giving supplies to Britain

  • FDR → “supplies, not soldiers” → if Britain falls, US will enter war

• June 1941 → Germany attacks USSR (who was a German ally)

  • USSR switches sides

• August 1941 → Atlantic Charter

  • meeting between US, USSR, and Britain about war aims

  • promise self determination in Europe when we win

  • promise a new league of nation

  • promise a Europe first strategy

  • show the unity of the allied powers

• Pearl harbor → December 7th, 1914

  • 1930s → Japan goal to get all Western powers out of Asia

  • US = biggest obstacle for Japan

  • US knows Japan is planning an attack on US → certain it will be in the Philippines

  • US moves Pacific navy from San Diego to Pearl harbor to be close when the Philippines are attacked

  • Japan → surprise attack on Dec. 7th

  • 3000 killed

• US enters WWII

• Domestic

  • total war → everything is dedicated to the war effort

    • ration books

    • war production board → set prices and wages, decide how much is made

    • war bonds - pay for majority of the war

    • 1943 → war costing US $10 mili. per hour

  • Japanese internment

    • force Japanese in America into internment camps

    • most were US citizens

    • most highly decorated troop of WWII was from here

  • Great Migration 2: Electric Boogaloo

  • blacks enter armed forces

  • Tuskegee Airmen → first all black regiment

  • women → first time can enter armed forces

  • Rosie the Riveter → represents the women working

  • draft → accepted

  • Bracero Program → 1942-1964

    • Mexicans come up and work agricultural jobs

  • Navajo → used in Pacific for communication

    • code talkers

• WWII European Theater

  • Britain → recovering

  • USSR → joined allies

  • Germany vs. USSR in Europe

  • Feb. 1942 -. Battle of Stalingrad

    • turning point in Europe → starts Nazi retreat

  • Stalin → wants British and US help → start second front

    • Britain and US attack German France → force Germany to split troops and take pressure off of USSR

  • Britain and US → not ready to confront Germany yet

  • decide to attack Axis forces in Africa → successful → free Africa in 1943

  • Stalin → begs for second front → Britain and US still not ready

  • Stalin thinks this is a ploy to make Nazis and communists destroy each other

  • Britain and US attack Italy → successful → Italy joins allies in 1943

  • nowhere else to go except France → start planning second front → takes a year to plan

  • second front → D-Day → June 6th, 1944 → storm beaches of Normandy

  • second front is successful

  • 1944 → election → FDR 4th term → dying → new VP (Harry S. Truman)

    • reps. → Wallace → closest of FDR’s elections

  • Feb. 1945 → Yalta Conference

    • set parameters for peace

    • allow some self-determination in Europe → especially in West

    • Eastern Europe → allow Soviets some control

    • United Nations (UN)

  • April 1945 → both Hitler and FDR die

  • May 8th, 1945 → Germany surrenders → VE day

  • Treaty

    • divide Germany

    • allow USSR to keep troops in Eastern Europe

    • war crimes tribunal

    • creation of Israel

• WWII Pacific Theater

  • 1942 → battle of Midway

    • surprise attack on US island of Midway → US finds out about it → Japanese attack is unsuccessful

    • turning point in Pacific war

  • Bataan Death March → Philippines → 10,000 Filipinos killed

  • strategy → island hopping

    • skip over highly fortified islands to get closer to mainland Japan to bomb Tokyo to surrender

  • a lot of hand to hand combat

  • Japanese → suicide over surrender

  • by 1944 → US gets close enough to bomb Tokyo → no surrender

  • Manhattan Project → building of the Atomic Bombs

    • make three bombs

    • first tested in Trinity, NM

    • Truman becomes president → doesn’t know about Manhattan Project

    • Truman told → only way to win the war is an invasion of Japan and will cost over $1 mil. lives

    • bomb → end war and save lives

    • Truman warns Japan first

  • August 6th, 1945 → “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima

    • no surrender

  • August 9th, 1945 → “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki

  • August 12th, 1945 → Japan surrenders → VJ Day

  • Treaty

    • rewrite constitution and make democracy

    • $2 billion to rebuild

    • war crimes tribunal

    • all crimes forgiven in 1950 because we need to use Japan in Korean war

1945-1980

• After WW2 → people are fearful of another depression → loss of wartime production

  • people out of work

  • men returning from war → need jobs

• doesn’t happen because

  • economic boom

  • new inventions

    • television

    • atomic bomb

    • washers and dryers

    • cars

    • discovery of DNA

  • GI Bill of Rights → allow veterans college education, low cost housing, opportunities

  • suburbs made → because of great migration → blacks moved in to northern cities → made to “escape” from urban blacks

  • no loss of wartime production

    • Korean War → 1950

    • Vietnam War → 1954

  • Military Industrial Complex → cannot allow economy to depend on military or we will constantly be at war

• Baby Boom → 1946-1964

Start of Cold War

• 1945-1991

• constant state of “almost war” between US and USSR → capitalism vs. communism

• US belief → for capitalism and democracy to rule communism must be destroyed (one cannot live if the other survives)

• constant competition for world control and control of areas and countries by US and USSR

• Satellite Nations

  • eastern European nations under USSR control → E. bloc

  • soviet military in nations

  • forced communism

• 1948 → Berlin Blockade

  • west Berlin (dem.) → surrounded by communists

  • 1948 → USSR put blockade around west Berlin → no supplies in

  • US starts Berlin airlift → drop supplies into west Berlin → successful

  • blockade lasts 321 days → USSR calls it off

• US foreign policy in Cold War

  • containment → contain communism where it already is and stop it from spreading anywhere else

  • Domino Theory → fear of if one country in an area falls to communism, then the rest will follow

  • Truman Doctrine → promise money to Greece and Turkey if they remain democratic

  • Marshall plan → US promises money to Europe to rebuild, but you must be democratic → $14 billion

    • western Europe → more advanced

  • selective service

  • department of defense

  • national security council

  • CIA

• develop H-bomb (hydrogen bomb) → 1000x more powerful than the atomic bomb

  • 1952 → USSR developed an atomic bomb → nuclear age begins → threat of nuclear war is real

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) made → western Europe and US alliance

  • military → an attack on one is an attack on all

• Warsaw Pact → eastern Europe and USSR equivalent to NATO

• 1949 → China becomes communist

  • scares US → fearful rest of Asia will become communist → domino theory

Domestically 1945-1952

• fear = communists infiltrate US society and government

  • Red Scare

    • loyalty oaths for jobs

    • HUAC → House on Un-American Activities Committee → part of government that investigates communists in America → movies

  • Alger Hiss

    • member of state department accused of being a spy

    • convicted of perjury → made people believe that there were communist spies in the government

  • Rosenbergs → Julius and Ethel

    • Julius = scientist on Manhattan Project

    • accused of spying by her brother

    • national trial

    • guilty and executed

  • McCarthyism → defines Red Scare

    • US senator who had “proof” of communists in government

    • nationalized/ televised trials → people accused of spying

    • dies out by 1953

• election of 1948

  • segregationist party → Strom Thurmond

  • dem. → Truman → wins

  • rep. → Dewey

• domestic program = Fair Deal

  • increase minimum wage

  • new New Deal programs

  • more help with housing

  • increase social security

Korean War

• proxy war → war between comm. and dem. where US and USSR don’t directly fight

• USSR and China support North Korea

• US and Europe support South Korea

• North Korea attacks South Korea → asks UN for help

• UN led by US under General MacArthur

• US quickly gets North Korea out of South Korea and returns original borders

• debate → should US attack North Korea and North Korean land and get rid of North Korea → puts us in a war with China

  • MacArthur wants this → nuclear weapons

  • Truman → goal in North Korea is containment → stop spread

  • public fight between MacArthur and Truman

  • Truman fires MacArthur

• 1953 → war ends with original border

1953 - 1960s

• cooling off of Cold War

  • 1952 → Eisenhower (Ike)

  • 1953 → new soviet leader → Khrushchev

  • end of Korean War and McCarthyism

• Eisenhower Doctrine

  • $ to middle east to fight communists if they ask for it

• Military Industrial Complex

  • Ike’s farewell address

  • do not allow US economy to depend on military

• U2 spy plane incident

  • 1960 → Paris Peace Summit → US and USSR meet about peace

  • days before summit → USSR shoots down a US U2 spy plane over USSR

  • ends peace talks and heats up cold war again

• 1950s society

  • Sputnik → first man-made satellite in space → by USSR

  • NASA made → promise to have a man on the moon by 1975 (happens in 1969)

  • interstate highway act

    • for quick evacuations

    • unites the nation

    • racist → through cities and would specifically destroy black areas and avoid white ones

  • conformity vs. rebellion

    • catcher in the rye (Holden Caufield my g)

  • music

    • jazz 1940s vs. rock and roll 1950s → both “black music”

    • Elvis Presly

    • Buddy Holly

    • causes dancing

  • movies

    • rebel without a cause → James Dean

  • TV

    • politics → political debates

    • I Love Lucy

  • women → expected to return to homes when men returned from war and be happy about it

  • 1950s rebellion → first playboy

• election of 1960

  • rep. → Nixon (current VP)

  • dem. → JFK

    • senator, war hero, Pulitzer prize winning author, young, pregnant wife

  • close election

  • first televised debates

    • listened → Nixon won

    • watched → JFK won

  • JFK wins → controversy

    • America’s Camelot (royal family)

    • attorney general → Bobby Kennedy (RFK)

JFK → 1961-1963

• Domestically

  • Civil Rights president

  • promise Civil Rights legislation

  • Peace Corps

• foreign affairs

  • 1961 → Berlin Wall goes up

    • separates east and west Berlin

  • 1950s → Fidel Castro becomes leader of Cuba

    • communist → scares US

    • try to assassinate him → fail

  • Bay of Pigs Invasion

    • CIA train Cuban exiles to start a coup in Cuba and overthrow Castro

    • fails

  • 1962 → Cuban Missile Crisis

    • US finds out that USSR has put weapon making factories and materials in Cuba → nuclear

    • US is upset → too near the US

    • USSR → US has the same in Turkey and Greece

    • JFK → puts a naval blockade around Cuba

    • USSR → sends nuclear warships to confront US ships in Cuba

    • USSR → turns around

    • publicly → USSR agrees to withdraw weapons from Cuba

    • privately → US agrees to withdraw weapons from Turkey

    • USSR leader Khrushchev fired because of this (he avoided MAD though)

• assassination

  • November 22nd, 1963 → Lee Harvey Oswald → in Dallas

  • LBJ → president

  • Warren Commission → look into the assassination → Oswald acted alone

  • two days later → Oswald killed by Jack Ruby

LBJ

• domestically → Great Society

  • reform movement → similar to the New Deal

  • Civil Rights → 1964,65,68 acts passed

  • war on poverty → Medicare and Medicaid, welfare, food stamps

    • head start programs → three and four year-olds schooling for those in poverty

  • national endowment for arts → PBS

  • clean air act

  • elementary and secondary schooling act → more money to schools

  • job corps

  • expand government role → expensive

    • has to decide to spend money on this or Vietnam → chooses Vietnam

• not a popular president

• elected to own term in 1964 → doesn’t run again in 1968

• 1968 election → rep. → Nixon = south strategy

  • bring south to republican party

  • focus less on Civil Rights

  • switch of the south to republican

Civil Rights Era → 1950s - 1960s

• Plessy → separate but equal → segregation

• Truman → desegregate armed forces

• Brown v. Board of Education

  • overturns Plessy

  • desegregates schools

  • calls for integration with “all deliberate speed”

  • south fights this

  • Ruby Bridges

  • Central High 9 → national guard called in

  • NAAWP made → made to collect money to send white kids to private schools

• 1950s = peaceful civil rights era

• 1960s = violent