Chapters 1-7 Flashcards

Adolescent Development

  • Common Signs & Symptoms of Puberty:
    • Hair growth
    • Skin changes (acne due to increased oil)
    • Males:
      • Facial hair
      • Oily skin
      • Broader shoulders
      • Body hair development
    • Females:
      • Periods
      • Oily skin
      • Wider hips
      • Curvier figure
  • Masturbation:
    • Normal behavior for teenagers
    • Exploration of sexuality, discovering what feels good
  • Promoting Positive Self-Esteem:
    • Listen to and show interest in their feelings and experiences
    • Non-judgmental interaction
    • Encourage and support positive decision-making
    • Acknowledge achievements and provide positive reinforcement, leading to increased confidence and likelihood of repeating positive behaviors

Young Adult Thoughts

  • Career Stress:
    • New jobs often involve a 90-day probationary period, leading to intense work and potential work-life imbalance.
    • Advise scheduling late nights strategically and ensuring appropriate time off for social activities and self-care.
  • Formal Operational Thinking:
    • Young adults develop problem-solving and prioritization skills, drawing on past experiences.
  • Psychosocial Development:
    • Goal: Choosing and establishing a career.
  • Intimate Friendships:
    • Offer a support system for reliance.
  • Critical Illness:
    • Young adults (over 18) have the right to decline treatment after being educated on risks, benefits, and alternatives.
  • Erik Erikson's Theory:
    • Intimacy vs. Isolation
    • Isolation can result from poor or failed relationships and feelings of rejection.
      • Encourage grieving but also re-engagement with friends.
  • Responsibilities:
    • Young adults are not all free; they display maturity and have responsibilities.

Middle Aged

  • Risks of Obesity:
    • Diabetes
    • Hypertension
    • Heart disease
    • Osteoarthritis
  • Education to prevent heart disease:
    • Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
    • Healthy diet
    • Regular exercise
    • Weight management
    • Regular physicals
  • Theories of aging
    • Need to know the difference in them

Adolescent Concerns

  • Body Image:
    • A primary concern, especially regarding surgery and potential scarring.
  • Parenting Styles:
    • Democratic: Giving children choices and allowing them to make decisions (even from a young age with safe options).
    • Emphasize sticking to the decision made.
  • Peer Pressure:
    • Can lead to withdrawal and depression if adolescents feel pressured into something they're not ready for.
  • Behavioral Concerns:
    • Depression can lead to self-harm or suicide.
    • Isolation requires parental engagement and seeking professional help.

Aging

  • Metabolism:
    • Starts slowing down in early adulthood, leading to potential weight gain.
  • Sensory Changes:
    • Decline in eyesight and hearing increases risk for falls and other safety issues.
  • Generativity:
    • In middle age; doing community service or helping younger age groups.
    • Example: Married couples as house parents in college dorms to provide guidance to students from single-family homes.
  • Malnourishment in older adults:
    • Due to change in taste and dental issues.
  • Loss and Grief:
    • Frequent loss of loved ones can lead to loneliness and depression.
  • Returning to School:
    • Middle-aged individuals may need more time to adjust to learning.
  • Risk Factors for Mental Decline:
    • Poor diet
    • Sedentary lifestyle
    • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT):
    • Not suitable for patients with a personal or family history of breast cancer (estrogen-driven).
  • Menopause:
    • Calcium intake is important to help with loss of bone mass.
    • Develop coping mechanisms to manage stress and anxiety related to symptoms.
  • Dementia:
    • Disorientation, insomnia, and memory loss are common.
    • Use seasonal decor to help orient individuals to the time of year.
  • Weight Distribution:
    • Body changes may occur with age even if the overall weight remains constant.
  • Erickson's for older adults:
    • Integrity vs. Despair: Older adults reflect on their lives, potentially experiencing regret or despair.
  • Renal System Changes:
    • Encourage fluid intake due to potential decrease in output.
  • Swallowing Difficulties:
    • Older adults may be prone to gagging or choking due to decreased saliva production.
  • Intelligence:
    • Does not decline with age.
  • Menopausal Concerns:
    • Coping mechanisms needed to address stress and anxiety.
  • Prioritizing Symptoms:
    • Difficulty swallowing should be addressed first.
  • Screening over 50:
    • Colonoscopy

Death and Dying

  • Major Role Changes:
    • Occur during middle age years
  • Views on Death:
    • Infants are oblivious
  • Grief:
    • An outward expression of loss.
  • Cultural Needs:
    • Should be a priority for dying patients, with ongoing assessment.
  • Living Will vs. Power of Attorney: (Clarify the difference)
  • Grief Support:
    • Advise against making drastic life changes immediately.
  • Kubler-Ross Stages of Loss:
    • Denial, bargaining, anger, depression, etc.
  • Grief Types:
    • Maladaptive, anticipatory, and adaptive grief.
  • Signs of Approaching Death:
    • Cheyne-Stokes respiration
    • Decreased heart rate.
  • Hospice Care:
    • Focuses on quality of life, comfort, and peaceful death rather than curative measures.