4.6 Challenges to state power

russia

serfs in russia treated terribly since the mongols
more and more peasants lose land and forced into serfdom
pugachev rebellion: peasant rebellion against catherine the great due to her giving nobles more power over serfs. failed- led to increase oppression of peasants to prevent more revolts

mughal empire (south asia)

government spread islam, but most of population was hindu
hindu warrior group called maratha fought mughals (1680-1707).
succeeded: they created the maratha empire, ending mughal control in what is now india

britain

glorious revolution: people did not like james II (he was catholic and anti-protestant), so nobles asked his nephew/son in law to invade. William of orange agrees, he and his wife take over when james runs to france.
also called bloodless revolution
strengthened power of parliament, begins protestant rule of england

africa

ana nzinga (ruler of ndongo) tired of slave trade and attacks against kingdom. makes alliance with portugal but it fails, so she flees and takes over mantamba then creates rebellion in ndongo to get people to join her and obtain their freedom.
Succeeds: rules matamba for decades

americas

-pueblo revolt of 1680 against spanish: pueblo and apache (indigenous groups) began fighting colonizers and religious conversion.

- successes: kill 400, drive out spanish, reconquered in 1692

- maroon wars: slaves in british controlled caribbean fought to be free, escaped owners, and created their own settlements

- gloucester county rebellion: slaves and indentured servants demanded freedom from governor, failed: authorities found out and arrested them

- metacom’s war: final major movement of indigenous to drive britain out of new england, led to destruction of 12 towns.

Note