7.4 Reading Quiz

urban middle class

1. Progressives were middle class men 

2. Economy now employed a lot of white collar office workers and middle managers 

professional associations

1. Middle class took civic responsibility seriously 

2. Provided platforms to address corrupt business and government practices and urban social and economic problems 

Protestants

1. Protestant churches preached against vice and code of social responsibility

older stock

1. Families of older elites who felt that their central role in society had been replaced by wealthy industrialists and urban political machines 

Pragmatism

1. The prevailing philosophy of romantic transcendentalism 

2. Enabled them to challenge fixed ideas and beliefs that stood in the way of reform 

3. Rejected laissez- faire theory

William James and John Dewey

1. Argued that truth should be able to pass the public test of observable results in an open, democratic society 

2. Citizens and institutions should experiment with idea and laws and test them in action until they found something that would produce a well- functioning society 

Frederick W. Taylor

1. He used a stopwatch to time the tasks performed by factory workers and discovered ways to organize people in the most efficient way

scientific management

1. Progressives believed that government too could be made more efficient if placed in the hands of experts and scientific managers

2. Objected corruption of political machines 

Henry Demarest Lloyd

1. Wrote articles for the Atlantic Monthly attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroads

2. Published Lloyd’s Wealth Against Commonwealth

Standard Oil Company

1. Had corrupt practices that were exposed in multiple magazines and newsletters causing them to make changes or do better covering up their malpractices

Lincoln Steffens

1. Wrote the Tweed Days in St. Louis

Ida Tarbell

1. Wrote the History of the Standard Oil Company 

Jacob Riis

1. One of the first photojournalists 

2. Published How the Other Half Lives

3. Showed how people in the slums lived while the wealthy had their picket fences and were enjoying life 

Theodore Dreiser

1. Wrote the Financier and The Titan 

2. Portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of the industrialists 

secret ballot

1. Political parties could manipulate and intimidate voters and to combat this, states adopted a practice from Australia

2. Voters filled out their ballots in a private booth 

Robert La Follette

1. Introduced a system for bypassing politicians and placing the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters called direct primary 

direct primary

1. Effectiveness in overthrowing boss rule was limited as politicians devised ways of confusing the voters and splitting the anti-political machine vote

direct election of U.S. senators

1. Before US senators had been chosen by state legislatures and was a main reason that the senate had become dominated by the big businesses

2. Nevada was the first state to adopt this followed by 30 other states

17th Amendment

1. Required all US senators to be elected by popular vote 

initiative, referendum, and recall

1. Initiative: method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

2. Referendum: a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed in their ballots 

3. Recall: enabled voters to remove or corrupt politicians from office by majority vote before their term expires. 

municipal reform

1. Reforms implemented by Mayor Samuel which included free kindergarten, night school and public playgrounds 

commission plan

1. Form of government in which voters elected the heads of the city departments not just the mayor 

manager-council plan

1. System that proved to be better than the commission plan 

2. Elected city council hired an expert manager to direct the work of various departments of the city government 

Charles Evans Hughes

1. Battled fraudulent insurance companies in New York 

Hiram Johnson

1. Fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad 

“Wisconsin Idea”

1. Robert Follette established a strong personal following as the governor and won the passage of the Wisconsin Idea 

2. A series of progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reforms

regulatory commissions

1. Part of the Wisconsin Idea 

2. State regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities and businesses such as insurance 

temperance and prohibition

1. Progressives had little sympathy for the temperance movement

2. Rural reformers thought they could cleanse morals and politics at once by abolishing liquor 

   1. Their leader was Carrie Nation 

National Child Labor Committee

1. A group of progressives that were outraged by the treatment of children by the industry 

2. Proposed state model state child labor laws that were passed by ⅔ of states

compulsory school attendance

1. Proved effective in keeping children out of the mines and factories

Florence Kelley and National Consumers’ League

1. Organized to pass state laws to protect women from long working hours 

Lochner v. New York

1. The Supreme Court ruled against a state law limiting workers to 10-hour work days 

Muller v. Oregon

1. The high court ruled that the health of women needed special protection from long hours 

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

1. Happened in New York City and took 146 lives, mainly women 

2. Sparked greater women’s activism and pushed states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories

“Square Deal”

1. Roosevelt demonstrated that he favored neither businesses or laborers 

2. Roosevelt called the union leader and mine owners to the White House to mediate 

3. He threatened to take over the mines with federal troops until they agreed to the terms

   1. 10% wage increase 

   2. 9 hour work day 

   3. However, the miners didn't have to recognize the union 

Trust-busting

1. Roosevelt wanted to bust the trust of a combination of railroads known as the Northern Securities Company 

2. Took action against the Standard Oil and 40+ other corporations 

“bad trusts” and “good trusts:

1. Roosevelt made a distinction between breaking up trusts that harmed the public and stifled competitions and ones that used efficiency and low prices to dominate a market

Elkins Act (1903)

Hepburn Act (1906)

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Conservation

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

White House Conference (of governors)

Gifford Pinchot

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

16th Amendment; income tax

firing of Pinchot

Conservative Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

Socialist Party

Eugene V. Debs

Bull Moose Party

New Nationalism

New Freedom

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

Federal Reserve Board

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Federal Trade Commission

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

Child Labor Act (1916)

racial segregation

lynchings

Booker T. Washington

W. E. B. Du Bois

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

National Urban League (1911)

Carrie Chapman Catt

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Alice Paul (New Jersey)

National Woman’s Party

19th Amendment

League of Women Voters

Margaret Sanger