1911 Chinese Revolution
- 19th century, spread of revolutionary ideas
* Nationalists
* Get rid of foreign Ching dynasty
* Get rid of spheres of influence
* Peasants
* Bring back Chinese tradition
* Dynasty founded on peasantry
* Commercialists
* Stood to lose wealth based off of government actions
* Urban intellectuals
* Advocated modernity + Westernism
* Government, thinking, social structures, technology, industry, etc - 1900, Boxer Rebellion -> government made reforms towards Westernism
* 1901, schools reformed
* Girls added
* Curriculum less on classic and confucian studies -> more math, science, engineering, geography
* Civil service exams changed to match school reforms -> abolished 1905
* Youth sent to other countries to study economics, sciences, etc
* New military style under Yuan Shih-kai
* Western discipline/organization
* Military became an official job
* Loyalty to commander, not emperor - 1911, revolution begins in Szechwan
* Government planned to nationalize railway
* Wealth investors didn’t want to lose money
* Sun Yat-sen had been building revolutionary Western ideas
* Protests started with conservatives + wealthy gents
* Wanted financial concerns met -> ended up wanting to overthrow the government when they denied - Sun Yat-sen = leader of revolution
* Educated in the West
* Chinese United League (1905) = Sun’s “three-in-one” revolution
* Nationalist -> expel Manchu dynasty
* Democratic -> set up democratic Chinese republic
* Social -> equalize land rights + wealth - End of 1911 reforms
* ⅔ of China seceded from Ching empire
* Declared China republic
* Sun = provisional president - Imperial government was struggling -> appointed Yuan Shih-kai
* Governor-general of Hunan + Hupeh
* Two provinces that did not secede
* National Assembly (Beijing) appointed prime minister
* Did not like Manchus -> had terms
* Inaugurate a national assembly
* Pardon the revolutionaries
* Full power of military
* Lift ban on political parties - 1-3-1912, Yuan agrees to abdicate Ching if he would be president of the republic
* Gets over 50 generals on his side -> Ching give in - 2-13-1912, official republic with Yuan as the leader
* Immediately betrayed it -> gave cronies important jobs, revolutionaries unimportant jobs - Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) = Sun’s new party
* Won majority of parliament seats
* Yuan used force to make party support him -> got impeached - “Second Revolution” to leave the new republic -> Yuan kept them in line
- Yuan forced parliament to reelect him -> dissolved parliament + became dictator
* Sun fled to Japan, Kuomintang was expelled - Yuan become emperor -> became opposed by anti-monarchist governors and military leaders
* Provinces began to secede -> went back to dictator -> still seceded
* Yuan dies -> end of imperial China - Period of Warlordism, 1916-1927
* Many independent provinces -> fought over everything - Sun Yat-sen tries to organize theories on unifying China -> Chinese Nationalist Party
* Established republican government in Canton
* Tried to overthrow warlord government -> died before he finished
* Chiang Kai-shek, devoted follower, finishes it in 1928 -> Nationalist government in Nanking