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Studied by 13 people1911 Chinese Revolution
- 19th century, spread of revolutionary ideas
- Nationalists
- Get rid of foreign Ching dynasty
- Get rid of spheres of influence
- Peasants
- Bring back Chinese tradition
- Dynasty founded on peasantry
- Commercialists
- Stood to lose wealth based off of government actions
- Urban intellectuals
- Advocated modernity + Westernism
- Government, thinking, social structures, technology, industry, etc
- 1900, Boxer Rebellion -> government made reforms towards Westernism
- 1901, schools reformed
- Girls added
- Curriculum less on classic and confucian studies -> more math, science, engineering, geography
- Civil service exams changed to match school reforms -> abolished 1905
- Youth sent to other countries to study economics, sciences, etc
- New military style under Yuan Shih-kai
- Western discipline/organization
- Military became an official job
- Loyalty to commander, not emperor
- 1911, revolution begins in Szechwan
- Government planned to nationalize railway
- Wealth investors didn’t want to lose money
- Sun Yat-sen had been building revolutionary Western ideas
- Protests started with conservatives + wealthy gents
- Wanted financial concerns met -> ended up wanting to overthrow the government when they denied
- Sun Yat-sen = leader of revolution
- Educated in the West
- Chinese United League (1905) = Sun’s “three-in-one” revolution
- Nationalist -> expel Manchu dynasty
- Democratic -> set up democratic Chinese republic
- Social -> equalize land rights + wealth
- End of 1911 reforms
- ⅔ of China seceded from Ching empire
- Declared China republic
- Sun = provisional president
- Imperial government was struggling -> appointed Yuan Shih-kai
- Governor-general of Hunan + Hupeh
- Two provinces that did not secede
- National Assembly (Beijing) appointed prime minister
- Did not like Manchus -> had terms
- Inaugurate a national assembly
- Pardon the revolutionaries
- Full power of military
- Lift ban on political parties
- 1-3-1912, Yuan agrees to abdicate Ching if he would be president of the republic
- Gets over 50 generals on his side -> Ching give in
- 2-13-1912, official republic with Yuan as the leader
- Immediately betrayed it -> gave cronies important jobs, revolutionaries unimportant jobs
- Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) = Sun’s new party
- Won majority of parliament seats
- Yuan used force to make party support him -> got impeached
- “Second Revolution” to leave the new republic -> Yuan kept them in line
- Yuan forced parliament to reelect him -> dissolved parliament + became dictator
- Sun fled to Japan, Kuomintang was expelled
- Yuan become emperor -> became opposed by anti-monarchist governors and military leaders
- Provinces began to secede -> went back to dictator -> still seceded
- Yuan dies -> end of imperial China
- Period of Warlordism, 1916-1927
- Many independent provinces -> fought over everything
- Sun Yat-sen tries to organize theories on unifying China -> Chinese Nationalist Party
- Established republican government in Canton
- Tried to overthrow warlord government -> died before he finished
- Chiang Kai-shek, devoted follower, finishes it in 1928 -> Nationalist government in Nanking
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