# Comprehensive Guide to Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological, and Clinical Perspectives on Psychology ## Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory Overview

• Explains personality via: early childhood experiences, unconscious conflicts, sexual urges.

• Emphasizes unconscious factors on behavior.

• Human behavior driven by: unconscious motives, unresolved childhood conflicts.

• These shape adult personality and mental health.

Structure of Personality According to Freud

• id: primitive, instinctive, pleasure principle (immediate gratification).

• ego: decision-maker, reality principle, mediates between id and superego.

• superego: internalized social standards, morals.

Levels of Awareness in Psychoanalytic Theory

• Conscious: aware at any given moment.

• Preconscious: easily retrieved material.

• Unconscious: thoughts, memories, desires below awareness.

Freud's Defence Mechanisms

• Repression: burying distressing thoughts.

• Rationalization: creating excuses.

• Projection: attributing feelings to others.

• Displacement: redirecting feelings to a substitute.

• Reaction formation: opposite behavior to true feelings.

• Regression: reverting to immature behaviors.

• Identification: boosting self-esteem by aligning with others.

• Sublimation: channeling impulses into acceptable activities.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Oral Stage (0-1 year): mouth focus.

• Anal Stage (1-3 years): bowel movement focus.

• Phallic Stage (3-5 years): genitals, Oedipal complex.

• Latency Stage (6-puberty): social/skill development.

• Genital Stage (puberty+): mature relationships.

• Fixation at any stage leads to adult traits or neuroses.

Jung's Analytical Psychology and Collective Unconscious

• Personal unconscious: unique repressed material.

• Collective unconscious: shared archetypes.

Adler's Individual Psychology

• Striving for superiority: overcome inferiority.

• Compensation: efforts to overcome weaknesses.

• Inferiority complex: inadequacy feelings.

• Overcompensation: seeking power to hide insecurities.

Criticisms of Psychodynamic Perspectives

• Poor testability, narrow samples, overreliance on cases, contradictory evidence, sexism.

Behavioral Perspectives on Personality

• Personality = response tendencies shaped by environment.

Skinner's View

• Personality: response patterns via operant conditioning.

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

• Observational learning: learning by watching.

• Self-efficacy: belief in ability.

• Reciprocal determinism: interaction of factors.

Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy

• Behavior varies; tailored to maximize reinforcement.

Humanistic Perspectives and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Emphasizes potential, free will, growth.

• Hierarchy of Needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization.

Characteristics of Self-Actualizing Persons

• Well-tuned, peaceful, spontaneous, appreciative, sensitive, independent, insightful.

Eysenck's Biological Theory of Personality

• Hierarchical trait model via genetics.

• Extraversion & introversion.

Behavioral Genetics and Personality

• 50% of variance is heritable.

Evolutionary Approach to Personality

• Traits evolved to increase reproductive fitness.

Criteria of Abnormal Behavior

• Deviance, maladaptive behavior, personal distress.

Anxiety Disorders

• GAD, phobias, panic, agoraphobia, OCD, PTSD.

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders

• Biological, conditioning, cognitive, stress, preparedness.

Dissociative Disorders

• Amnesia, DID.

Major Depressive Disorder

• Sadness, hopelessness, anhedonia.

Bipolar Disorder

• Depression alternating with mania.

• Bipolar I & II.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

• Deficits in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, inflexibility.

Personality Disorders

• Enduring maladaptive traits.

• Dramatic-impulsive, anxious-fearful, odd-eccentric.

• Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic.

Eating Disorders

• Dysfunctional attitudes toward food/body.

• Anorexia, Bulimia, Binge Eating.

Role of Culture and Stress in Psychological Disorders

• Cultural norms define normal/abnormal.

• Stress increases vulnerability.

Three Major Approaches to Psychological Treatment

1. Insight therapies

2. Behavior therapies

3. Biomedical therapies

Insight Therapies and Psychoanalysis

• Uncover unconscious conflicts: free association, dream analysis.

Client-Centred Therapy and Therapeutic Climate

• Warm, supportive: genuineness, positive regard, empathy.

Group, Couples, and Family Therapy

• Modify interaction patterns.

Therapies Inspired by Positive Psychology

• Enhance well-being and positive emotions.

Behaviour Therapies

• Modify responses through conditioning: desensitization, social skills.

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

• Challenge negative thoughts: cognitive bias modification.

Biomedical Therapies - Drug Treatments

• Anti-anxiety drugs, antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers