KB

# Comprehensive Guide to Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological, and Clinical Perspectives on Psychology ## Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory Overview

  • Explains personality via: early childhood experiences, unconscious conflicts, sexual urges.

  • Emphasizes unconscious factors on behavior.

  • Human behavior driven by: unconscious motives, unresolved childhood conflicts.

  • These shape adult personality and mental health.

Structure of Personality According to Freud

  • id: primitive, instinctive, pleasure principle (immediate gratification).

  • ego: decision-maker, reality principle, mediates between id and superego.

  • superego: internalized social standards, morals.

Levels of Awareness in Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Conscious: aware at any given moment.

  • Preconscious: easily retrieved material.

  • Unconscious: thoughts, memories, desires below awareness.

Freud's Defence Mechanisms

  • Repression: burying distressing thoughts.

  • Rationalization: creating excuses.

  • Projection: attributing feelings to others.

  • Displacement: redirecting feelings to a substitute.

  • Reaction formation: opposite behavior to true feelings.

  • Regression: reverting to immature behaviors.

  • Identification: boosting self-esteem by aligning with others.

  • Sublimation: channeling impulses into acceptable activities.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

  • Oral Stage (0-1 year): mouth focus.

  • Anal Stage (1-3 years): bowel movement focus.

  • Phallic Stage (3-5 years): genitals, Oedipal complex.

  • Latency Stage (6-puberty): social/skill development.

  • Genital Stage (puberty+): mature relationships.

  • Fixation at any stage leads to adult traits or neuroses.

Jung's Analytical Psychology and Collective Unconscious

  • Personal unconscious: unique repressed material.

  • Collective unconscious: shared archetypes.

Adler's Individual Psychology

  • Striving for superiority: overcome inferiority.

  • Compensation: efforts to overcome weaknesses.

  • Inferiority complex: inadequacy feelings.

  • Overcompensation: seeking power to hide insecurities.

Criticisms of Psychodynamic Perspectives

  • Poor testability, narrow samples, overreliance on cases, contradictory evidence, sexism.

Behavioral Perspectives on Personality

  • Personality = response tendencies shaped by environment.

Skinner's View

  • Personality: response patterns via operant conditioning.

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

  • Observational learning: learning by watching.

  • Self-efficacy: belief in ability.

  • Reciprocal determinism: interaction of factors.

Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy

  • Behavior varies; tailored to maximize reinforcement.

Humanistic Perspectives and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Emphasizes potential, free will, growth.

  • Hierarchy of Needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization.

Characteristics of Self-Actualizing Persons

  • Well-tuned, peaceful, spontaneous, appreciative, sensitive, independent, insightful.

Eysenck's Biological Theory of Personality

  • Hierarchical trait model via genetics.

  • Extraversion & introversion.

Behavioral Genetics and Personality

  • 50% of variance is heritable.

Evolutionary Approach to Personality

  • Traits evolved to increase reproductive fitness.

Criteria of Abnormal Behavior

  • Deviance, maladaptive behavior, personal distress.

Anxiety Disorders

  • GAD, phobias, panic, agoraphobia, OCD, PTSD.

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders

  • Biological, conditioning, cognitive, stress, preparedness.

Dissociative Disorders

  • Amnesia, DID.

Major Depressive Disorder

  • Sadness, hopelessness, anhedonia.

Bipolar Disorder

  • Depression alternating with mania.

  • Bipolar I & II.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

  • Deficits in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, inflexibility.

Personality Disorders

  • Enduring maladaptive traits.

  • Dramatic-impulsive, anxious-fearful, odd-eccentric.

  • Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic.

Eating Disorders

  • Dysfunctional attitudes toward food/body.

  • Anorexia, Bulimia, Binge Eating.

Role of Culture and Stress in Psychological Disorders

  • Cultural norms define normal/abnormal.

  • Stress increases vulnerability.

Three Major Approaches to Psychological Treatment

  1. Insight therapies

  2. Behavior therapies

  3. Biomedical therapies

Insight Therapies and Psychoanalysis

  • Uncover unconscious conflicts: free association, dream analysis.

Client-Centred Therapy and Therapeutic Climate

  • Warm, supportive: genuineness, positive regard, empathy.

Group, Couples, and Family Therapy

  • Modify interaction patterns.

Therapies Inspired by Positive Psychology

  • Enhance well-being and positive emotions.

Behaviour Therapies

  • Modify responses through conditioning: desensitization, social skills.

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

  • Challenge negative thoughts: cognitive bias modification.

Biomedical Therapies - Drug Treatments

  • Anti-anxiety drugs, antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers