LATN 101 Patricia Graham-Skoul

Learn To Read Latin (Pt 1) (Wkbk). 9780300194975. Keller. Yale University Press, 2015

Learn to Read Latin Ed. 2. 9780300194951. Keller. Yale University Press, 2015

English Grammar for Students of Latin Ed. 3. 9780934034340. Goldman. Olivia & Hill Press, 2004

LTRL Intro

Orthography- Spelling

• Variations in spelling from variations in pronunciation

Different “ages” of Latin (like golden age, silver age, etc.) with slight variations

The alphabet almost same as the English alphabet

• No j or w

• k, y, and z are basically always from foreign words and names

• i and u are consonant or vowel (like y is for us)

  • Sometimes j is used to show consonant i

  • Some people use v as the consonant version of u, sometimes u and v are interchangeably the same letter as either consonant or vowel

• Capital C used for a hard G sound

Inflection- The changing of form to convey changed meaning

Syntax- The grammatical function of a word in a sentence

Pronunciation

Usually consonants are same with Latin and English pronunciation

bs pronounced “ps”

bt pronounced “pt”

c is always hard c

g is always hard g

h pronounced

consonant i pronounced y

• Consonant at the beginning of a word when followed by a vowel

• Consonant in the middle of the word when between vowels

• Consonant in the middle of a word with a prefix (beginning of the root word)

Consonant u (v) pronounced “w”

• u is consonant when in qu, su, gu and all pronounced like qu but with their sound (qw, sw, gw)

roll r

z pronounced “zd” or “dz”

ch pronounced hard c

ph pronounced “p”

th pronounced “t”

a pronounced “uh”

e pronounced “eh”

i pronounced “ih”

o pronounced “aw”

u pronounced “eugh”

ā pronounced “awe”?

ē pronounced “ay”

ī pronounced “ee”

ō pronounced “oh”

ū pronounced “ooh”

y pronounced “iuh”??

Diphthong- single sound made of 2 letters

ae pronounced “aye”

oe pronounced “oi”

ei pronounced “ay”

ui pronounced “wih”

au pronounced “ow”

eu pronounced “e+u”????????

Stress

No silent letters in Latin

As many syllables as there are vowels or dipthongs

qu counts as a single consonant

You know how to find syllables, same rules.

Ultima- last syllable

Penult- second syllable from the end

Antepenult- third syllable from the end

Only the penult or antepenult may be stressed

If a word has only 2 syllables, the penult is stressed

If more than 2 syllables, then the law of the penult

• If the penult is long, it is stressed

  • Long if has a vowel or dipthong

  • Long if has a short vowel followed by 2 or more consonants not necessarily in the same syllable

• If penult is short, the antepenult is stressed

• The lengths of the syllables besides the penult do not matter

LTRL Chapter 1

Vocab

agricola, agricolae m. farmer

anima, animae f. life force; soul

dea, deae f. goddess

fāma, fāmae f. report, rumor; reputation, fame

fēmina, fēminae f. woman; wife

fīlia, fīliae f. daughter

īnsula, īnsulae f. island

Italia, Italiae f. Italy

nauta, nautae m. sailor

patria, patriae f. country, homeland

pecūnia, pecūniae f. money

poēta, poētae m. poet

puella, puellae f. girl

rēgīna, rēgīnae f. queen

via, viae f. way, road, street, path

ager, agrī m. field

deus, deī m. god

dominus, dominī m. master, lord

fīlius, fīliī m. son

gladiu, gladiī m. sword

liber, librī m. book

puer, puerī m. boy

servus, servī m. slave

vir, virī m. man; husband

aurum, aurī n. gold

bellum, bellī n. war

cōnsilium, cōnsiliī n. deliberation; plan, advice; judgment

dōnum, dōnī n. gift

factum, factī n. deed

ferrum, ferrī n. iron; sword

oppidum, oppidī n. town

perīculum, perīculī n. danger

verbum, verbī n. word

Fāma- the goddess of rumor

ā, ab (prep. + abl.) (away) from

• ab used before words beginning in vowels or h, either for any other word

ad (prep. + acc.) toward, to

cum (prep. + abl.) with

dē (prep. + abl.) (down) from; about, concerning

ē, ex (prep. + abl.) (out) from

• ex used before words beginning in vowels or h, either for any other word

et (conj.) and

et (adv.) even, also

in (prep. + acc.) into, onto; against

in (prep. + abl.) in, on

ō (interj.) O

-que (enclitic conj.) and

Grammar

Preposition- A word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another word in a sentence

• Usually followed by accusative or ablative in Latin

• Prepositions that take the accusative emphasize motion toward, into, around, and through

• Prepositions that take the ablative indicate functions of separation, association, instrument, and/or location

Prepositional Phrase- A preposition and its noun or pronoun together

Accusative- Motion toward

Ablative- Location and motion from

Enclitic- Directly attached to the preceding word

Derivative- Derived from, in this case, English words derived from Latin

Root- Stem of a word that carries its meaning and from which many words are made by the addition of prefixes and suffixes

Cognate- When words are related by descending from a common word (like English and Latin but the English didn’t come from the Latin instead they both came from a common word further back)

• Often change so much that they don’t look related

The Latin Noun and Its Properties: Gender, Number, Case

Nominative Case

Used for the subject of a sentence

Used for the predicate nominative

The waiter cleared the dishes from the table

“The waiter” would be nominative, subject

The frog became a prince

Linking verbs / copulative verbs (be, become, seem, etc.) are never followed by a direct object, but rather an element equivalent to the subject

“The frog” would be nominative, subject

“A prince” would be nominative, predicate

Genitive Case

Used to qualify or limit another noun in a variety of ways

Usually corresponds to a translation using the English preposition “of”

a fear of snakes, a jar of pennies

“snakes” and “pennies” would be genitive case and imply the “of”

The book of the girl

“girl” in genitive case would show the entire phrase “of the girl”, genitive of possession

Dative Case

Used to express the person or thing interested in or affected by the action of a verb

Usually corresponds to a translation using the English prepositions “(with reference) to” or “for”

To the sailor the danger of the seal is real

“Sailor” in dative would be the whole “to the sailor”, dative of reference

The girl gives a toy to the cat

“a toy” is direct object

“cat” in dative case as “to the cat”, dative of indirect object

Dative most often with verbs of giving, showing, and telling

Accusative Case

Used for the direct object of a verb

Used following certain prepositions

The poet writes poems

“Poems” would be accusative, direct object

Follows prepositions that express motion toward, into, around, and through

Toward the field

In Latin would be ad then “field” in the accusative

Ablative Case

Used to express separation, corresponds to a translation using the English preposition “from”

Expresses association or instrument, corresponds to a translation using the English prepositions “with” or “by”

Expresses location (in space or time), corresponds to a translation using the English prepositions “in”, “on”, ar “at”

He came from Italy

“From Italy” would be ab then “Italy” in the ablative

The woman came to the party with a poet

“With a poet” would be cum then “poet” in the ablative of accompaniment

• Ablative of accompaniment requires the preposition cum

The farmer is fighting with a sword

“With a sword” would be “sword” in ablative of means

• No preposition for ablative of means

Farmers work in fields

“In fields” would be in then “fields” in ablative

• Ablative of location requires the preposition in

Vocative Case

Used for addressing someone directly

Tell me, father, why you have come

“Father” in vocative

Sometimes preceded by interjection ō

The Five Declensions

Grouping of Latin nouns, each noun in only one declension

Most reliably identified by genitive singular endings

Full vocab entry for Latin noun goes: nominative singular, genitive singular, gender, English meaning

Genitive singular endings (in order of declension)

1. -ae

2. -ī

3. -is

4. -ūs

5. -eī / ēī

Stem of word comes from genitive singular, just take away ending

Accusative endings always -(?)m

Declension- Full set of forms of a noun

Declension- Name for each of the five families of nouns

1st Declension

Most are feminine, some masculine, no neuter

There is no “the” or “a” or “an” in Latin

2nd Declension

Most are masculine, some feminine, many neuter

LTRL Chapter 2

Vocab

cūra, cūrae f. care, concern; anxiety

īra, īrae f. anger, wrath

poena, poenae f. punishment, penalty

sapientia, sapientiae f. wisdom

vīta, vītae f. life

animus, animī m. (rational) soul, mind; spirit; pl., strong feelings

arma, armōrum n. pl. arms, weapons

studium, studiī n. zeal, enthusiasm; pursuit, study

vēlum, vēlī n. sail

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum (1-intr.) walk

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus (1-tr.) love

cōgitō (1-tr.) think; ponder

dō, dare, dedī, datus give, grant

poenās dare (idiom) to pay the penalty

vēla dare (idiom) to set sail

dōnō (1-tr.) give; present, reward

errō (1-intr.) wander; err, make a mistake

labōrō (1-intr.) work; suffer, be distressed

mōnstrō (1-tr.) show, point out

optō (1-tr.) desire

vocō (1-tr.) call; summon; name

dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus owe; ought

habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus have, hold; consider

iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus order

moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus set in motion, stir (up), move

respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus answer, respond

timeō, timēre, timuī fear, be afraid of

videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus see

sum, esse, fuī, futūrus be; exist

possum, posse, potuī be able, can

cūr (interrog. adv.) why

enim (postpositive conj.) in fact, indeed; for

etenim (conj.) and indeed; for in fact

nam (conj.) for

namque (conj.) for in fact

-ne (interrog. enclitic particle) added to the first word of a question

neque / nec (conj. -adv.) and not; neither nor

nōn (adv.) not

sed (conj.) but

Principle Parts

Transitive- Expresses action that is directly exerted on a person or thing

Intransitive- Expresses action that is not directly exerted on a person or thing

The Finite Latin Verb and Its Properties

Finite verb is defined or limited by all 5 properties

Person

1st, 2nd, 3rd person

Number

Singular or plural

Tense

Time: past, present, future

Aspect: simple, progressive, repeated, completed

• Simple: something that simply occurs like “I see a baby duck”

• Progressive: something in progress like “The girl is eating an ice-cream cone”

• Repeated: something that is repeated/habitual like “She walks to school every day”

  • Note: progressive and repeated grouped together

• Completed: an action that is already done like “I have now finished my lunch”

Voice

Active voice: subject is performing action of verb

Passive voice: subject is receiving action of verb

Mood

Indicative: factual or question of fact

Imperative: command

Subjunctive: possible, wished for, doubtful, nonfactual

Latin Tenses of Indicative Mood

Present: present time with simple, progressive, or repeated aspect

Imperfect: past time with progressive or repeated aspect

Future: future time with simple, progressive, or repeated aspect

Perfect: present time with completed aspect or past time with simple aspect

Pluperfect: past time with completed aspect

Future Perfect: future time with completed aspect

Vocabulary Entry for a Verb: Principle Parts

Each verb listing has 4 principle parts, or English meanings, for forms of the verb

Infinitive- verbal noun with properties of tense and voice

Participle- verbal adjective with properties of tense and voice

The Four Conjugations

Identified by vowel preceding -re ending of 2nd principle part in present active infinitive

Finite form created by:

1. Taking a stem from one of the principal parts

2. Sometimes adding an infix for tense

3. Adding personal endings for person, number, and voice

Infix- Inflectional element in the middle of a word

Conjugation- Name for the 4 families of verbs

Conjugation- a complete set of forms for a particular tense of a given verb

Present Stem

Remove -re from second principal part

moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus present stem: movē

Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative of First and Second Conjugations

Present Active Indicative of First and Second Conjugations

Made by taking the present stem and adding active personal endings

-ō when present active indicative and future active indicative

-m when imperfect active indicative

Stem vowel -ā- contracts into -ō- in 1st conjugation

Stem vowel -ē- shortens to -e- before -ō- of 2nd conjugation

Long Vowel Rule- Endings -m, -nt, -t shorten preceding long vowels

Imperfect Active Indicative of First and Second Conjugations

Take present stem and add infix -bā- and add active personal endings

Future Active Indicative of First and Second Conjugations

Take present stem and add infix -bi- and add active personal endings

-i- contracts with -ō- and -ō- wins

-i- changes to -u- just cause

LTRL Chapter 3

Vocab

ā, ē, ī, ō, ū

diligentia, diligentiae f. diligence

incola, incolae m. inhabitant

mora, morae f. delay

provincia, provinciae f. province

terra, terrae f. land, earth

amicus, amici m. friend

forum, fori n. public square, marketplace, forum

imperium, imperii n. power, authority, command; empire

inimicus, inimici m. (personal) enemy

odium, odii n. hatred

populus, populi m. the people; populace

Romani, Romanorum m. pl. the Romans

nihil, nil n. nothing

laudo (1-tr.) praise

pugno (1-intr.) fight

supero (1-tr.) overcome, conquer; surpass

teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus hold, grasp; keep, possess; occupy

video, videre, vidi, visus passive, be seen; seem

eo, ire, ii/ivi, itum go

amicus, -a, -um friendly

English Grammar for Students of Latin

Gender

Natural gender or grammatical gender (words referring to men are masc. to women are fem. and non-gendered things are kinda random)

With exceptions:

Masculine Endings

-us

-er

-or

Names of rivers, winds, months, and mountains

Feminine Endings

-a

-ās

-dō

-iō

Names of cities, countries, plants, trees, and most abstract qualities

Neuter Endings

-um

-men

-e

-al

-ar

Number

Plural change the ending

-a to -ae

-us to -i

-um to -a

-ex or -ix to -icēs

Case

Nominative Case/ Subjective Case- The person or things doing the action of the verb

Objective Case- The person or things receiving the action of the verb

Five forms called declensions

1. Nominative (subjective case)

2. Genitive (possessive or sometimes objective case)

3. Dative (objective case)

4. Accusative (objective case)

5. Ablative (objective case)

Nominative Case

Used for the subject of a sentence and for predicate words

Genitive Case

Used to show possession

1st -ae

2nd -ī

3rd -is

4th -ūs

5th -eī

Left off at page 20

Dative case

Used for indirect objects and objects of a few verbs

Accusative Case

Used for most direct objects and as object of certain prepositions

Ablative Case

Used for the object of certain prepositions and for adverbial expressions

To Be Read As Needed, Not Required

71-72, 65-66, 48-64, 18-40