### Flashcard Set: Cognition
Certainly! Here are the flashcards based on the study guide for Unit 2: Cognition.
### Flashcard Set: Cognition
Flashcard 1
Q: What are the three processes of memory?
A: Encoding, storage, retrieval.
Flashcard 2
Q: What is the difference between explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (procedural) memory?
A: Explicit memory can be consciously recalled (facts and events), while implicit memory is unconsciously retained (skills and tasks).
Flashcard 3
Q: What are the two types of explicit memory?
A: Semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) and episodic memory (personal experiences).
Flashcard 4
Q: What is a flashbulb memory?
A: A vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.
Flashcard 5
Q: What is long-term potentiation?
A: A long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons resulting from stimulating them simultaneously.
Flashcard 6
Q: Which brain structures are primarily involved in memory?
A: Hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, basal ganglia.
Flashcard 7
Q: What are the components of working memory?
A: Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad.
Flashcard 8
Q: What are the different types of memory in the multi-store memory model?
A: Sensory memory (iconic vs. echoic), short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.
Flashcard 9
Q: What is the difference between deep processing and shallow processing?
A: Deep processing focuses on the meaning of information, while shallow processing focuses on superficial features.
Flashcard 10
Q: What are mnemonic devices, and what is chunking?
A: Mnemonic devices are techniques for remembering information, while chunking involves grouping information into manageable units.
Flashcard 11
Q: What is the serial positioning effect?
A: The tendency to recall better the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list.
Flashcard 12
Q: What is retrograde amnesia? Anterograde amnesia?
A: Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories before a specific event, while anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event.
Flashcard 13
Q: What is context-dependent memory?
A: Enhanced recall when the context of the memory is reinstated.
Flashcard 14
Q: What are proactive and retroactive interference?
A: Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new information; retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with recalling old information.
Flashcard 15
Q: What is the misinformation effect?
A: The distortion of memory caused by misleading information presented after the event.
Flashcard 16
Q: What is Spearman's g factor?
A: A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities.
Flashcard 17
Q: Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?
A: Howard Gardner.
Flashcard 18
Q: What does IQ stand for, and what does it measure?
A: IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient, measuring intellectual ability.
Flashcard 19
Q: What is the Flynn Effect?
A: The observed rise in IQ scores over generations.
Flashcard 20
Q: What is stereotyping threat?
A: The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can affect performance.
Flashcard 21
Q: What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?
A: Bottom-up processing begins with sensory input; top-down processing uses pre-existing knowledge to interpret sensory information.
Flashcard 22
Q: What are Gestalt principles?
A: Principles that describe how people perceive visual elements as organized wholes (e.g., closure, figure-ground).
Flashcard 23
Q: What is inattentional blindness?
A: Failing to notice an unexpected stimulus in plain sight due to a lack of attention.
Flashcard 24
Q: What are binocular and monocular depth cues?
A: Binocular cues require both eyes (e.g., retinal disparity) and monocular cues can be perceived with one eye (e.g., relative size).
Flashcard 25
Q: What is divergent thinking? Convergent thinking?
A: Divergent thinking generates many possible solutions; convergent thinking narrows down multiple ideas to one solution.
Flashcard 26
Q: What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment?
A: Independent variables are manipulated; dependent variables are measured.
Flashcard 27
Q: What is random assignment?
A: Assigning participants to groups by chance to control for confounding variables.
Flashcard 28
Q: What does informed consent entail?
A: Participants are informed about the study’s purpose and agree to take part.
Flashcard 29
Q: What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A: A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met.
Flashcard 30
Q: What is debriefing in research?
A: Informing participants about the study's purpose and methods after their participation.
### Flashcard Set: Cognition
Certainly! Here are the flashcards based on the study guide for Unit 2: Cognition.
### Flashcard Set: Cognition
Flashcard 1
Q: What are the three processes of memory?
A: Encoding, storage, retrieval.
Flashcard 2
Q: What is the difference between explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (procedural) memory?
A: Explicit memory can be consciously recalled (facts and events), while implicit memory is unconsciously retained (skills and tasks).
Flashcard 3
Q: What are the two types of explicit memory?
A: Semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) and episodic memory (personal experiences).
Flashcard 4
Q: What is a flashbulb memory?
A: A vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.
Flashcard 5
Q: What is long-term potentiation?
A: A long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons resulting from stimulating them simultaneously.
Flashcard 6
Q: Which brain structures are primarily involved in memory?
A: Hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, basal ganglia.
Flashcard 7
Q: What are the components of working memory?
A: Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad.
Flashcard 8
Q: What are the different types of memory in the multi-store memory model?
A: Sensory memory (iconic vs. echoic), short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.
Flashcard 9
Q: What is the difference between deep processing and shallow processing?
A: Deep processing focuses on the meaning of information, while shallow processing focuses on superficial features.
Flashcard 10
Q: What are mnemonic devices, and what is chunking?
A: Mnemonic devices are techniques for remembering information, while chunking involves grouping information into manageable units.
Flashcard 11
Q: What is the serial positioning effect?
A: The tendency to recall better the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list.
Flashcard 12
Q: What is retrograde amnesia? Anterograde amnesia?
A: Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories before a specific event, while anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an event.
Flashcard 13
Q: What is context-dependent memory?
A: Enhanced recall when the context of the memory is reinstated.
Flashcard 14
Q: What are proactive and retroactive interference?
A: Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new information; retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with recalling old information.
Flashcard 15
Q: What is the misinformation effect?
A: The distortion of memory caused by misleading information presented after the event.
Flashcard 16
Q: What is Spearman's g factor?
A: A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities.
Flashcard 17
Q: Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?
A: Howard Gardner.
Flashcard 18
Q: What does IQ stand for, and what does it measure?
A: IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient, measuring intellectual ability.
Flashcard 19
Q: What is the Flynn Effect?
A: The observed rise in IQ scores over generations.
Flashcard 20
Q: What is stereotyping threat?
A: The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can affect performance.
Flashcard 21
Q: What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?
A: Bottom-up processing begins with sensory input; top-down processing uses pre-existing knowledge to interpret sensory information.
Flashcard 22
Q: What are Gestalt principles?
A: Principles that describe how people perceive visual elements as organized wholes (e.g., closure, figure-ground).
Flashcard 23
Q: What is inattentional blindness?
A: Failing to notice an unexpected stimulus in plain sight due to a lack of attention.
Flashcard 24
Q: What are binocular and monocular depth cues?
A: Binocular cues require both eyes (e.g., retinal disparity) and monocular cues can be perceived with one eye (e.g., relative size).
Flashcard 25
Q: What is divergent thinking? Convergent thinking?
A: Divergent thinking generates many possible solutions; convergent thinking narrows down multiple ideas to one solution.
Flashcard 26
Q: What are independent and dependent variables in an experiment?
A: Independent variables are manipulated; dependent variables are measured.
Flashcard 27
Q: What is random assignment?
A: Assigning participants to groups by chance to control for confounding variables.
Flashcard 28
Q: What does informed consent entail?
A: Participants are informed about the study’s purpose and agree to take part.
Flashcard 29
Q: What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A: A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met.
Flashcard 30
Q: What is debriefing in research?
A: Informing participants about the study's purpose and methods after their participation.
