Periodical Test Reviewer Part 2

Developmental Stages and Influences

Stages of Development

  • Prenatal Stage (Conception to Birth)

    • Age when hereditary endowments are established.

  • Infancy (Birth to 2 years)

    • Foundation age for basic behavior and skills development.

  • Early Childhood (2 to 4 years)

    • Age for exploratory behavior, questioning, language acquisition, and initial socialization.

  • Late Childhood (4 to 12 years)

    • Development of self-help skills, social skills, and play.

  • Adolescence (Puberty to 18 years)

    • Transition from childhood to adulthood; rapid physical and sexual maturation.

  • Early Adulthood (18 to 40 years)

    • Age of adjustment to new responsibilities.

  • Middle Age (40 to Retirement)

  • Old Age (Retirement to Death)

    • Period marked by increasing physical and mental decline.

Physical and Emotional Development in Adolescence

  • Physical Development

    • Most girls complete puberty by age 15; boys continue to mature.

  • Emotional Development

    • Stress over school and self-image; desire for independence.

    • Concerns about physical and sexual attractiveness.

    • Experience of intimacy in relationships.

Social Relationships in Adolescence

  • Shift in relationship with parents towards maturity and responsibility.

  • Increased importance of friendships and shared beliefs.

  • Exploration of romantic relationships and potential risky behaviors.

The Concept of Encouragement

  • Encouragement as a key ingredient for improving relationships.

  • Developed as a psychologic by Alfred Adler

  • Mostof us are skilled discouragers

  • Encouragement enhances feelings of belonging and self-worth.

  • Everyone has the power to be more encouraging.

  • Influential figures in life include parents, friends, and teachers.

The Role of Parents

  • Idols are how they are seen in social media and serves as models

  • Parents provide shelter, protection, and a sense of security.

  • They teach valuable life lessons and support personal growth.

The Importance of Siblings

  • Siblings serve as friends and support systems within the family.

  • Disagreements are normal, but strong bonds are built on love and appreciation.

Friends

  • Teach us the value of love and respect

  • helps us improve in our social connection

  • They support us and reflect what is good and what is not

The Role of Teachers

  • Teachers act as second parents, guiding intellectual and emotional development.

  • They inspire learners and serve as role models.

Community Leaders

  • Community leaders provide networks and serve as role models.

  • They inspire others and address community needs through various programs.

Agents of Socialization

  • Family

  • Education

  • Mass Media

  • Government

  • Religion

Stress Management

Understanding Stress

  • Definition of Stress

    • Emotional factor causing physical or mental tension.

  • Types of Stress

    • Eustress: Positive stress that motivates.

    • Distress: Negative stress that overwhelms.

Causes of Stress

  • Common stressors include academic pressures, poor time management, and personal relationships.

  • Chronic stress can lead to anxiety and other mental health issues.

Effects of Stress

  • Positive Effects

    • Motivation to pursue goals, improved immune system, and enhanced decision-making.

  • Negative Effects

    • Can lead to depression, aggression, and social withdrawal.

Signs of Stress

  • Increased headaches, crying, anger, and anxiety