AP Euro Chapter 20

1. Mercantilist Britain - A system where Britain focused on accumulating wealth through trade, maintaining a favorable balance of exports over imports, and creating markets for its goods.

2. Growing market for British manufactured goods - The increasing demand for British-made products, especially due to the expanding Atlantic economy.

3. Labor force - The group of people available and willing to work, especially those in rural areas or cottage industries, which later shifted towards factory work during industrialization.

4. Canal-building - The construction of canals to transport raw materials efficiently, enhancing the movement of goods, like iron and coal, during the Industrial Revolution.

5. Predictable government - A stable and consistent political environment in Britain that encouraged economic growth and personal enterprise, fostering industrial development.

6. Cotton cloth - A major industry in Britain, where the production of cotton fabric became increasingly important to the economy.

7. Putting-out system's limitations - The old system where goods were produced in homes rather than factories, which became inefficient with increasing demand.

8. Spinning jenny - A hand-powered spinning machine invented by James Hargreaves in 1765, revolutionizing the production of cotton yarn.

9. Water frame - A spinning machine developed by Richard Arkwright that required water power, enabling large-scale textile production.

10. Power loom - Edmund Cartwright's invention of a machine that mechanized the weaving process, leading to more efficient production in factories.

11. Foundlings - Orphaned children, often used as workers in early factories due to the severe labor shortage.

12. Textile - The industry focused on fabric production, which was a central part of early industrialization in Britain.

13. Wood - The primary source of energy before coal, which became scarce as industries expanded.

14. Steam engine - A pivotal invention that provided power to industries, most notably through the work of James Watt, revolutionizing manufacturing and transportation.

15. Iron increasing from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million tons in 1844 - The massive increase in iron production, which supported industrial development, particularly in construction and manufacturing.

16. Stephenson's Rocket (1830) - The first effective steam-powered locomotive, demonstrating the potential of rail transport.

17. Crystal Palace - A massive exhibition hall built for the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, showcasing British industrial achievements.

18. Thomas Malthus - An economist who believed that population growth would outstrip food supply, leading to famine and disease unless population control measures were taken.

19. David Ricardo - An economist who developed the "iron law of wages," which suggested that population growth would always drive wages down to the subsistence level.

20. Iron law of wages - The theory that wages would always remain at a level just enough to keep workers from starving due to the pressure of population growth.

21. Separate spheres - The social model in which men worked in public, wage-earning jobs, and women focused on home life and child-rearing.

22. Satanic mills - A term coined by William Blake to criticize the harsh working conditions in factories during industrialization.

23. Luddites - Workers, mainly in textile industries, who protested against new machines that threatened their jobs, often resorting to machine-breaking.

24. Real wages rise - The increase in workers' real income (adjusted for inflation) after 1820, which improved living standards for many industrial workers.

25. Family units - The way in which families worked together in early factories or mines, often with adult heads of the family negotiating wages for the whole group.

26. Robert Owen - A factory owner who advocated for better working conditions, including education and healthcare, and was an early social reformer.

27. Factory Act of 1833 - Legislation that limited child labor by restricting the hours that children could work in factories and required them to attend school.

28. Elementary schools - Schools set up by factory owners to educate children working in factories, especially after the Factory Act of 1833.

29. Mines Act of 1842 - Legislation that prohibited women and girls, as well as boys under ten, from working underground in mines.

30. Domestic service was the second-largest occupation - Refers to the large number of people, mostly women, working as servants in households during industrialization.

31. Class-consciousness developed - The increasing awareness among workers of their shared interests and struggles, leading to the formation of labor movements.

32. The Combination Acts - Laws passed in 1799 that prohibited workers from forming unions and striking, later repealed in 1824.

33. Chartist movement - A working-class political movement in the UK advocating for democratic reforms, including universal male suffrage and annual elections.