6.7

Essential Questions:

• Industrialization concentrated an unprecedented number of people together in cities. In what ways were cities redesigned in order to cope with the challenges posed by this population influx?

•  In what ways were cities redesigned to impose social order upon their inhabitants?

Identification/Key Terms:

Newcomers and Neighborhoods . . . 581

• young women & men from countryside arrived in cities

  • farm daughters - sought paid employment

• ethnic clustering caused cultures to dominate industries like factories

• 1903 - chicago italiens had 66 mutual aid societies → collected dues from members & paid supp in case of death/disabollity on job, & acted as fraternal clubs

• ethnic towns like san franciscos china town

• blacks moving from S to urban areas → faced race riot, attacks from white mobs bc of rumors of black crime

  • Atlanta Georgia 1906 - polit campaign charged “negro crime”, invaded black neighboorhoods & killed blacks

• ppl wanted to live near jobs → speculators created tenement buildiings - housed 20+ families in cramped apartements → disease & infant mortality (blacks suffured most)

• Urban Amusements… 583

  • vaudeville theater 1880s & 1890s - musical acts & shows, appealed to working class and tthen middle-class

  • NY Coney Island 1900 - exemplified U.S.

• Ragtime and City Blues… 584

  • 1890s - african american’s ragtime music → pop amoung all races/classes bc catchy & exciting

  • W.C. Handy black trumpet player - introduced blues tp the city → hardwork & heartbreak

• New Social Freedom… 586

  • dating emerged in working class

    • working class women wanted men for a “treat”, kinda like prostitution

  • 1900, 20% women in cities single(living alone)

  • 1910 - gay underground venues, word queer arose

• High Culture… 586

  • elites capitalized on rise of cities w/ museums, libraries, & cultural inst

    • metropolitan opera 1883

    • Corcoran Gallery of art 1869 D.C.

    • 1907 - Andrew Carnegie spent millions on libraries

• Urban Journalism… 587

  • yellow jounalism - mass market newspapers w/ exaggerated coverage (ex: Joseph Pultizer)

  • muckrakers - exposing magazines (ex: exposed John D. Rockefeller & senate) → inspired reform

Urban Machines . . . 588

• “private city” - urban enviro shaped by indivs & profit seeking buissnesses → created innovations

• political machines - organized groups that maintained political control through a system of patronage, bribery, and manipulation.

  • ex: Tammany Hall consisted layers of polit functionaires

    • bottom - precinct captains familiar w/ city geo, ward bosses, & powerful city leaders @ top

  • gave jobs, arranged urban services, & stayed in office w/ popularity frm voters

• corruption - polit made contracts for city services → pocketed money

  • but, immigrants justified bc they were supp

• middle class reformers condemned immigrants for supp machines

The Limits of the Machine Government . . . 589

• depression of 1890s → unemployment reached 25% in some cities

  • public charity abolished in most cities

• Cleveland central Labor union → upset w/ demo’s ignorance → made peoples party

  • demanded strong gov measures to curb corp pwr → labor day parade

• Boston mayor Josiah Quincy - built pub baths & swimming pools

• detroit mayor Hazen Pingree (repub) - community vegetable gardens fed working class during depression

• reformers tried organizing municipal gov - National Municipa League

  • advised cities to elect smll councils & hire professional city managers, who wold direct operations like a corp exec

Crucibles of Progressive Reform… 593

• workingclass & middle class reformers → condemned polit machines, pointed out struggling urban poor

• progressivism - movements set to combot the ills of industrilization

• Cleaning Up Urban Environments…594

  • big city problem was disease → officials undertook more public health projects

  • 1878 yellow fever in memphis tennessee → improved sewage & drainage

  • Hygiene reformers taught hand washing & othr techniques to combat tubercolosis

  • “City Beautiful” movement - advocated for more & better urban park spaces

• Closing Red Light Districts… 595

  • commercialization of sex → reformers launched campaign against urban prositution

    • warned of white slavery & stated women were prostitutes bc kidnapped & forced

      • low wage jobs, eco desperation, & sexual/domestic abuse → prostitution

  • 1909 - 1912 -police shut down red light districts nationwide

    • closed brothels, but worsened conditions prostitutes worked uner