BETTER GRADE 10 HUSTORY REVIEW

1. Introduction to History

What is history? Why study it? What problems can come from it?

• History is the study of past events and how they shape the present.

• Why study it? To learn from mistakes, understand cultures, and explain how the world developed.

• Problems in studying history:

• Distortion – Facts can be changed over time.

• Fragmentation – Only parts of the story may be told.

• Perception – People interpret events differently.

• Bias – Historians may have opinions that affect research.

What is a primary vs. secondary source?

• Primary Source – Direct evidence from the past (e.g., diaries, letters, photos).

• Secondary Source – Analyzes past events (e.g., textbooks, documentaries).

Four Historical Thinking Concepts (with examples)

1. Historical Significance – Why an event/person matters (e.g., Vimy Ridge gave Canada national pride).

2. Cause and Consequence – What led to an event and its results (e.g., Assassination of Franz Ferdinand led to WWI).

3. Continuity and Change – What stayed the same and what changed (e.g., Women gained voting rights after WWI).

4. Perspective Taking – Understanding different viewpoints (e.g., French Canadians opposed conscription while English Canadians supported it).

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2. Life in the 1900s

Technological Advances & Their Impact

• New technology: Automobiles, electricity, telephones, airplanes.

• Effects: Faster travel, better communication, easier daily life.

Immigration to Canada

• Pull factors: Jobs, free land, freedom.

• Discrimination: British and Europeans preferred; Asians, Black Canadians, and Indigenous people faced racism.

Three Key Influences on Canadians

1. Urbanization – More people moved to cities.

2. Industrialization – Factories changed work life.

3. Women’s Rights – Women fought for the right to vote.

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3. Causes of WWI

Two Major Alliances in WWI

• Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia.

• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.

M.A.I.N Causes of WWI

1. Militarism – Countries built strong armies, preparing for war.

2. Alliances – Nations promised to defend each other.

3. Imperialism – Competition for land/resources.

4. Nationalism – Extreme pride in one’s country, causing tensions.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914)

• Who? Franz Ferdinand was heir to the Austria-Hungary throne.

• Where? Sarajevo, Bosnia (wanted by Serbia).

• Who killed him? Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist.

• Why? Serbia wanted Bosnia to join them instead of Austria-Hungary.

• Effect? Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia → War began as alliances joined in.

Order of Declarations of War (1914)

1. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

2. Russia supported Serbia.

3. Germany declared war on Russia and France.

4. Britain declared war on Germany after it invaded Belgium.

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4. Trench Warfare

Schlieffen Plan (Germany’s Strategy)

• Plan: Defeat France quickly, then fight Russia.

• Failure: Belgium resisted, Britain joined, Russia mobilized fast.

Life in the Trenches

• Horrible conditions: Mud, rats, disease, cold.

• Constant danger: Snipers, gas attacks, artillery.

Trench Warfare Terms

• Over the Top – Soldiers leaving trenches to attack.

• Saps – Small trenches for spying/attacks.

• Blighty – A wound serious enough to send a soldier home.

• Valcartier – Canadian military training camp.

• No Man’s Land – Dangerous land between trenches.

• Shrapnel – Metal fragments from explosions.

• Trench Foot – Infection from wet, cold conditions.

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5. Major WWI Battles

Key Battles & Their Importance

• Ypres (1915): First poison gas attack.

• Somme (1916): One of the deadliest battles (1+ million casualties).

• Vimy Ridge (1917): Canada’s greatest victory, led by General Arthur Currie.

• Passchendaele (1917): Muddy, brutal battle with huge losses.

Creeping Barrage (New Battle Tactic)

• Artillery fire moved forward slowly, allowing soldiers to advance behind it.

• Helped Canada win Vimy Ridge.

Two Indigenous Soldiers & Their Importance

1. Francis Pegahmagabow – Most decorated Indigenous sniper.

2. Henry Norwest – Métis sniper with 115 confirmed kills.

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6. War in Air & Sea

Why Was Air Warfare Important?

• Used for spying, bombing, and dogfights.

Who Was Billy Bishop?

• Canada’s top flying ace with 72 victories.

Why Was the War at Sea Important?

• Britain depended on Canada/USA for supplies.

• Germany used U-boats to sink Allied ships.

Lusitania Sinking (1915) & Its Impact

• German U-boat sank a British ship, killing 128 Americans.

• Helped push the USA into the war.

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7. Russian Revolution & Romanov Execution

What Was the Russian Revolution (1917)?

• Russians overthrew Tsar Nicholas II because:

• WWI failures (millions died).

• Food shortages & poverty.

• People lost trust in the monarchy.

• Bolsheviks (communists) took power under Vladimir Lenin.

Execution of the Romanov Family (July 17, 1918)

• Why? The Bolsheviks feared the Tsar’s supporters would restore him to power.

• How? Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra, and their five children were taken to a basement and shot by Bolshevik guards.

• Effect? Russia became a communist country (USSR) in 1922.

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8. End of War & Treaty of Versailles

What Was the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?

• Officially ended WWI.

• Germany was blamed → Forced to pay reparations, reduce army, and lose land.

Why Was It Important for Canada?

• Canada signed it independently, proving it was becoming a separate nation.

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9. War at Home & Canadian Society

Women’s Role in WWI

• Worked in factories, nursing, and farming.

• Helped push for women’s voting rights.

Conscription Crisis in Canada

• Conscription (forced military service) became law in 1917.

• French Canadians strongly opposed it.

The War Measures Act

• Gave the government power to control people’s rights during war.