HI 211 Test Study Terms Fanuchanan 2022

HI 211 Test Study Terms Fanuchanan 2022

Spanish and Early American eras

Key Terms

San Ignacio de Agadña → the village in Agana that housed the Spanish, their wives, and children (in the center of Agana)

Santa Cruz de Agadña → the village in Agana that housed the Filipinos, their wives and children (adjacent to San Ignacio)

Jesuits → a missionary organization founded in 1540, religion that came with Sanvitores arrival on Guam (first 100 years of religion on Guam), Sanvitores was Jesuit missionary

Reduction villages → Villages created to subdue, convert, and gather pagans into Christian congregations

Alcalde → another word for mayor

Aguacil → policeman

Celador → Guard (to ensure religious obligation)

San Juan de Letran → the first college established by Father Sanvitores in 1669

Almacen → Storehouses controlled by the governor

Augustinian Recollects → Catholic missionaries that were on Guam from 1768-1908

• Order that came in after the jesuits

Tamuning → 1860 The village where the Carolinians stayed and the only village with Carolinian name

Metawal Wool → name of the route between the Caroline islands and something

Galleon trade → took place in 1565 - 1815 when the CHamorus would trade with ships traveling from Manila to Mexico

Guinengles → fish english people eat (salmon) which was used to trade with the CHamorus because they were tired of the fish

Beche de mer → sea cucumber or balate

Sumay → an indigenous whaling town and place

Small pox epidemic → took place in 1856 where trading with others and citizens traveling from other areas to Guam caused a disease to spread that would kill half of the population.

Chinese indentured laborers → a labor force that was immigrated after the small-pox epidemic to counteract the labor shortage

• • Know the names? (tydingco, Champaco,
  • Came from the Philippines
  • Came for 3 years
  • Their taxes were paid by the rich and they would work in return

Deportados → criminals from Manila or Mexico that were sent to Guam as a punishment

Chamorrado → Governor leve used in the 1880s complaining that the people were being more chamorro “Chamorrization” because people were thinking of themselves as their roots being on Guam

Geftao → meaning very human, unselfishness, good manners (showcases Chamorro cultural values such as reciprocity, respect, and family)

Chattao → Selfish, greedy

Chenchule → The giving of gifts in the form of money and goods to assist in the cost of a feast Roof thatching party → when members from the same clan or different clans come together to tatch the roof of the host’s house. After the roof was finished food was served.

• Part of chenchule’

Titiyas → influenced by Mexican tortillas, which is used by the Chamorro people to eat with kelaguen

Achiote → Also known as annatto seeds, which was brought to Guam from Mexico and is used to many Chamorro dishes but more specifically red rice

Mamahlao → the shame a person feels that tells if your behavior is proper and decent

taotao mo’na → The ancestors of the Chamorros

manak’hilo → the high people

• • • Heavily intermarried families
    • Owned most of the land
    • Leading role in government
    • Europeanized by arranging marriage with Eurpoeans

manak’papa → the low people

• • • Landless or living in isolated, less desirable land
    • Worked as servants and laborers
    • Had a few if any connection to important families

Downes vs Bidwell → court ruled that the US Constitution does not in all cases apply to Insular territories

Spanish-American War → 1898 U.S. joins Philippine and Cuban Wars of Independence. Defeats Spain, but decides to keep colonies.

Benevolent assimilation → Treaty that President McKinley signed → sovereignty over Philippines and Spanish “possessions”, includes Guam → Guam under American rule now

Hansen’s disease → New and less offensive word for leprosy

Hookworms → When the Americans came to Guam, Chamorros were suffering with hookworms, Americans treated them to make Guam a safe space for the Americans who were staying in Guam

Susanna hospital → Earthquake destroyed original Naval hospital. Susana Hospital was rented to treat women and children. Maria Schroeder hospital + Susanna Hospital became the US Naval Hospital → has women and children’s ward

Marinon Mantikiya → “Butter sailor” referred to men who served as stewards, joined only because of commissary privileges

Petition of 1902 → when 32 Hagatna men got together to as to have a more representative government

Guam Congress → advisory body to governors, municipal commissioners, and their deputies that were appointed by the US governors

Humalom enfetmera → Song “enrolled as a nurse” → describes a woman who joins the hospital and has sex (not confirmed if consensual or rape), she becomes pregnant → meant to deter women from joining the hospital (young men and women in the same area)

Key People

Joseph Antonio Muna → Married Ana Manongsong. One of the most powerful indigenous families, started practice of giving the Chamorro last names to their children

Louis de Torres → The chamorro mestizo military leader on Guam that took Frecinet around and showed him traditional dances and got him people to talk to

Claude de Freycinet → French explorer and leader of expedition that came in 1819 that has the most extensive survey of Chamorro culture language and history

• • Learned a lot of the latte era culture from him

Dumont D’Urville → came twice after Freycinet and also did surveys came up with the term Micronesia

John Anderson → British Lieutenant who came with French scientific expedition, has 13 children with Josefa de la Cruz, aid to Captain of the Port, attempted to take over Guam government → got the governor drunk and “took over the government”, Spanish found them and sent them away for treason

Juliana Aguon → An indigenous Chamorro woman that had relations with 4 Spaniards (Governor Ganga Herrero,

Padre Jose Bernardo Palomo y Torres → Grandson of Louis de torres and son of sylvestry Torres

Felix Calvo → Spanish military official that came during the time of reform and later became the treasurer of guam, position created in 1828 because land was opened to privatization of land (final say in people asking for land)

Josefa Anderson → widow of Francisco Tudela that died of small pox, one of the wealthiest businessmen, and she becomes the wealthiest person on Guam and was a leader in

Bartola Garrido y Taisague → Educated Chamorro woman, one of the first Chamorros to move to the island of Yap, followed by a smallpox epidemic. Spanish colony educator, supported the Catholic mission → could speak Chamorro, English, Spanish, German, and Yapese

Gov. Felipe De la Corte → Brought 64 Chinese convicts from Manila to work as farm laborers because of a labor shortage on Guam. De la Corte condemned Chamorro values and believes it is the cause of poverty in the Marianas.

Chief Aghurubw → a brave Carolinian chief and navigator who brought his people to Marianas after typhoons destroyed their land. He established the village of Arabwal(Garapan)

• • Asked governor to establish settlement in Saipan

Jose de Salas → 1884 Chamorro soldier who kills Gov Angel de Dos Pazos. Father Resano reports Salas planned to kill all Spaniards and Chamorro principales

Pale Roman de Vera → the first Chamorro priest, that led as a Chamorro leader until 1910. He “decolonized” the Chamorro language by having people use indigenous words to get rid of the Spanish influence on the language

• Important in counteracting Protestantism

Baltazar Bordallo → Led struggle for Chamorro civil rights before WWII → traveled to Washington D.C. to petition for US citizenship and a bill of rights for the people of Guam

Francisco B. Leon Guerrero → Role in advancing the cause of American citizenship for the people of Guam. Went to DC to lobby for citizenship. Talked about fishing ?

Captain Richard Leary → first naval governor

General Questions

1. What was life like in the reduction villages during the 18^th century? (margery drivers article)
   1. Paid in poor grade tobacco
   2. Indigenous communities of people who could not be soldiers unless the women that would be married to soldiers
   3. Created segregation
2. Who were the soldiers of Agadna? Where did they come from? What were their lives like?
   1. The soldiers in Agadna were mainly the Filipinos or Spanish with the wives and children. These soldiers came from either Manila or Mexico on the galleon ships. Most of them were Chamorro because after the original soldiers came and married Chamorro women the children were mestizos. Their lives were luxurious compared to the indigenous people because they were being treated well because the indigenous people worked to keep the soldiers and their families comfortable.
   2. Had to live a militarized life, got paid, had access to foods, but were also struggling and poor just at a smaller extent compared to the
3. What was the Bando de Ricaforte? What global and regional changes prompted it?
   1. Bando de Ricaforte ended the military monopoly of governor and created a tax system, opening the island to a new open economy
   2. Made it possible to own land along with other
   3. End of the polyonic wars, opening of global trade, weakened Spain, latin American independence (No galleon trade)
   4. Shifted from money coming from American silver to having taxes and trade
4. What were some of the major changes on Guam during the 19^th century?
   1. Small pox, Bando de Ricaforte, merging of the soldier class and villagers, whaling, new kinds of businesses, ability to have land.
   2. In the 19th century Guam was given to the United States as part of the treaty of Paris between Spain and the United States.
5. What were some of the major modernization projects of the US Naval Government? What did these developments mean for Chamorros?
   1. The major projects were to improve the water, healthcare, roads, education, and loyalty of the indigenous Chamorro people, electricity, telephone.
   2. Could be very traumatic for the Chamorros both physically and emotionally because their culture was very marginalized
6. What were the goals of Guam political leaders in the early 20^th century?
   1. Civil rights, US citizenship, and Americanization
7. What are some of the different elements of the kostumbren Chamorro cultural system? Why did Spanish and American governors view this way of life as an obstacle to progress?
   1. The different elements of the kostumbren Chamorro culture system are Catholicism, adaptation of outside influences, and value system (Look at underwood article that talks about the different key concepts of the Chamorro cultural system)
      1. Mamahlao, chenchule’, honoring your elders,
      2. Be able to name the different values/belief statements outlined in underwoods article.
   2. The Spanish and American governors view the way of life of the Chamorros as an obstacle because their traditions are increasing the poverty on the island. For example the governors believed that the continuous practice of chenchule’ was making the people of Guam more poor because they were not creating a food surplus to improve the island economically.
   3. Family orientation vs. individualistic idealization because it was a “backwards” tradition in the eyes of the governors