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Electrolyte Imbalances and Treatments (Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium)

Hyponatremia

  • Treatment
    • Fluid restriction

Hypernatremia

  • Treatment
    • IV fluids
    • Avoid foods high in sodium
  • Foods to avoid (examples listed in slides)
    • Ham
    • Shrimp
    • Frozen pizza
    • Canned soup

Hypocalcemia

  • Hallmarks on slides
    • CHVOSTER SIGN
    • TROUSSEAU SIGN
  • Treatment options (as listed in slides)
    • Calcium and vitamin D supplements
    • Dietary changes
    • Examples of calcium-rich foods mentioned: American cheese, Parmesan cheese, Plain yogurt, Almond milk
    • Calcium injections

Hypercalcemia

  • Mild symptoms listed
    • Constipation
    • Abdominal pain
    • Nausea/vomiting
  • Severe symptoms listed
    • Confusion
    • Polyuria
    • Bone pain
    • Muscle weakness
    • Arrhythmias
    • Delirium
    • Renal failure
  • Treatment
    • IV fluids + diuretic

Hypomagnesemia

  • Signs
    • Mild signs (as described in slides)
  • Treatment options listed
    • PO phosphate
    • Magnesium supplements
    • Foods high in magnesium

Notes on presentation

  • The slides intermix several related topics (hypo/hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypomagnesemia).
  • Some items appear in close proximity with potential labeling overlaps (e.g., IV fluids/diuretics appearing under hypercalcemia as well as hypocalcemia contexts in the transcripts).
  • Where possible, treatments are taken directly from the slide labels; consult authoritative guidelines for clinical decisions.