PQ's for CH 12
Types of Behavior in Relationships:
Troubled relationships exhibit both destructive and constructive behaviors.
Destructive behaviors tend to harm the relationship more than constructive ones help.
Destructive Behaviors:
- Examples include abuse and threats to leave, leading to deterioration.
- Partners who feel overbenefited or underbenefited are likely to feel dissatisfied.
Constructive Behaviors:
- Include discussing problems, making changes, and remaining loyal through support and optimism.
The dynamic of responses: If one partner acts destructively while the other acts constructively, the relationship can survive. However, if both partners act destructively, it will likely end.
Aggression (Chapter 12):
Defined as intentional behavior aimed to cause physical or psychological harm.
Types of Aggression:
- Hostile Aggression:
- Originates from anger, intent to harm, e.g., pushing someone out of anger in a crowded place.
- Instrumental Aggression:
- Aimed to achieve a goal without the intent to harm, e.g., pushing past someone to catch a train.
Evolutionary Perspective on Aggression:
Men may display aggression to secure mates and assert dominance.
Women may display aggression to protect their offspring.
Testosterone:
- Linked to aggression; elevated levels reduce impulse control.
- Two hypotheses:
- Challenge Hypothesis: Testosterone relates to aggression especially in reproductive opportunities.
- Dual Hormone Hypothesis: Testosterone links to dominance-seeking when cortisol is not high.
Social Cognitive Learning Theory:
People observe and imitate aggressive behaviors from their environment, shaped by culture and cognitive processes.
Aggression Over Time:
Society has generally become less aggressive due to cultural changes and cooperative strategies in agriculture.
Culture of Honor:
- Societies where reputation defense is strong can lead to aggressive behaviors; seen in higher homicide rates among Southern U.S. white men compared to Northern counterparts.
Gender Differences in Aggression:
Women are just as likely to express aggression verbally, but may resort to relational aggression (manipulation, rumors).
Factors Influencing Aggression:
Alcohol: Lowers inhibitions, increases aggression; the 'think-drink effect' influences behavior expectations.
Heat: Higher temperatures can correlate with increased aggression.
Frustration-Aggression Theory: Frustration can heighten the chance of aggression, based on the closeness to a goal and the perceived unfairness of outcomes.
Weapons Effect: Presence of weapons can prime aggressive responses in frustrated individuals.
Moral Decision-Making:
Two main types:
- Deontological: Belief in absolute moral truths.
- Utilitarian: Prioritize actions with the greatest good for the greatest number, possibly leading to inhuman acts.
Dehumanization:
Denies others’ full humanity, making it easier to cause harm. More empathy towards individuals than groups leads to more compassion.
Media Violence Effects:
Increases aggressive behavior, emotions, and thoughts; can desensitize individuals to violence over time.
Habituation vs. Sensitization:
Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli, leading to desensitization.
Sensitization: Increased response to stimuli, leading to heightened aggression.
Impact of Punishment on Aggression:
Effective punishment should be prompt and certain to decrease aggression in children.
Catharsis Theory:
The idea that expressing aggression relieves built-up anger fails; often leads to increased aggression.
Healthy Anger Management Techniques:
Include deep breathing, reflection, and objective perspectives on anger.
Social Rejection:
A significant factor contributing to despair and violence in teens.