APUSH: Period 7

American Imperialism

• Reasons for expansion overseas

  • Resulted as the frontier closed

  • Economic motives

  • Racial theories

    • “White Man’s Burden”

      • Responsibility of the white man to expand around the world

  • “Influence of Sea Power Upon History”

• Additions to US territory

  • Hawaii

    • Sugar plantations

  • Alaska

    • “Seward’s Folly”

    • Great sources of natural resources

Spanish-American War (1898)

• Cuban revolution against Spain

  • Many Americans sympathized with the Cubans

• Yellow-journalism

  • Exaggeration of stories and headlines to sell stories

  • Used to gather support for US interference into the Spanish-American War

• Causes of the War

  • USS Maine

    • Stationed in Cuba

    • Mysteriously blew up, blamed Spain

    • Exaggerated through yellow journalism

  • De Lome Letter

    • Written by Spanish minister

    • Called the president at the time, Mckinley, weak

    • Sparked outrage

  • Caused the US to demand war

• War was declared on April 11, 1898

  • Teller Amendment: once US overthrow Spanish rule, Cubans would be given their freedom, US would not annex Cuba

  • Rough Riders: regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt

  • US imperialism begins

    • Continued US presence in Latin American affairs

  • Effects of the War

    • Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

    • Platt Amendment

      • Cuba cannot have treaties with other countries that compromises independence

      • US can interfere with its affair if needed

    • Formation of the Anti-Imperialist League

      • Against imperialism

    • Roosevelt Corollary

      • Additions to the Monroe Doctrine

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

• Progressives tended to be:

  • Urban, middle-class, often times were women

• Progressives goal

  • To reform society socially and politically on the local, state, and federal levels

  • Used the federal government to regulate

    • Businesses

      • Clayton Antitrust Act

        • Addition to the Sherman Antitrust Act

        • Created during Woodrow WIlson’s time in office

        • Helped prevent monopolies and regulated corporations 

    • Economy

      • Federal Reserve

        • Created by Theodore Roosevelt

    • Conservation of land

      • Teddy Roosevelt

    • Expansion of Democracy

      • 17th amendment

        • Direct election of senators

      • 19th amendment

        • Women’s suffrage

• Muckrakers

  • Muckrakers: writers and journalists that exposed societal ills

  • The Jungle

    • Written by Upton Sinclair

    • Exposed the meatpacking industry

    • Led to the Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act

  • How the Other Half Lives

    • Photos by Jacob Riis

    • Showed the poor living conditions of immigrants

  • History of Standard Oil

    • Written by Ida Tarbell

    • Exposed the corruption behind Standard Oil

• Triangle ShirtWaist Fire

  • Huge fire that killed many Americans

  • Led to regulations for fire safety in buildings

• Famous Reformers

  • Jane Addams

    • Hull House

      • Helped immigrants

Theodore Rooselvelt

• “Big Stick diplomacy”

  • Negotiations with the underlying threat of military action

• Square Deal

  • Three Cs

    • Consumer protection

      • Pure Food and Drug Act

      • Meat inspection Act

    • Control of Corporations

    • Conservation

William Howard Taft

• Practiced dollar diplomacy

  • Investments in foreign countries

  • Extended US influence abroad

Woodrow Wilson

• New Freedom

  • Lower tariffs

  • Regulated big business

• Eliminate tariffs

  • Clayton AntiTrust Act

• Reform banking system

  • Federal Reserve Act

Key Amendments

• 16th amendment

  • Graduated income tax

• 17th amendment

  • Direct election of Senators

• 18th amendment

  • Banned alcohol

WW1

• Events and causes leading up to the war

  • Militarism

    • Countries built up militaries

  • Alliances

    • Creation of secret alliances that would drag other countries into the war that were not part of the original conflict

  • Imperialism

    • Competition of countries trying to compete for oversea colonies

  • Nationalism

    • Desire to demonstrate strength of each country

  • Assasignation of archduke Franz Ferdinand

    • Heir to the Austrian throne

• WW1

  • Allied Powers

    • France

    • Great Britain

    • Russia

  • Axis powers 

    • Germany

    • Austria-Hungary

    • Ottoman empire

  • US wanted to remain neutral

    • Woodrow Wilson was president 

      • “He kept us out of war”

• Events leading to American entry into WW1

  • Unsupervised marine warfare

    • Germany sought to sink ships without clear allegiance to their country

    • Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)

      • Sinking of a British passenger ship

      • Killed American passengers aboard

      • Sparked immense outrage

    • Sussex Pledge

      • Germany damaged a French ship, the Sussex

      • Germany promised to provide merchant ships a warning before sinking them

  • Zimmerman telegram

    • Germany proposed a secret alliance with Mexico

    • Germany would help Mexico get back land from the US if they win the war

• Fourteen Points

  • Created by Woodrow Wilson

  • Seeked to help prevent war and promote peace

  • Some key points of the Fourteen Points

    • Recognition of freedom of the seas

    • Ending secret treaties

    • “General association of nations”

      • Later became League of Nations

• Preparation for the War 

  • Selective Service Act

    • Draft to ensure the US army had enough people

  • Food Administration

    • Ensured enough food supply for soldiers

  • War Industries Board

• Infringement of Civil Liberties

  • Committee on Public Information

    • Informed public on the war

    • Hid certain details

  • Espionage and Sedition Acts

    • People could be arrested if they said or published anything against the war effort

      • Schenck vs. United States

• Women and African Americans

  • Women

    • Took over jobs, worked as nurses and in factories

      • Helped lead to 19th Amendment

  • African Americans

    • Fought in the war in segregated regiments

    • Great migration

      • South to the North

• Fighting in the Great War

  • Trench warfare

  • Increased technology

    • Tanks, flamethrower, mustard gas

  • Most Americans did not die from fighting but from the Spanish Flu

• Treaty of Versailles

  • Negotiations 

  • France wanted to punish Germany

    • Had to take full responsibility 

  • League of Nations created

    • US does not join

    • Ultimately failed

• Effects of the War

  • US goes back into isolationism

  • “Red Summer”

    • Race riots in Northern cities

  • Increase of nativism

  • Palmer raids

    • Series of raids to capture anarchists and radicals

Roaring Twenties

• Red Scare

  • Fear of radicals and communism

  • Led to restrictions on immigration

• Nativism in the 20s

  • Rise of the KKK

  • Emergency Quota Act of 1921

    • Restricted the number of immigrants from a country to 3%

  • Immigration Act of 1924

    • Restricted immigration from 3% to 2%

  • Sacco and Vanzetti

    • Irish immigrants convicted of murder

    • Executed and given an unfair trial

• Migration and Urbanization

  • Great Migration

• Art and Literature

  • Lost Generation

    • Writers who had lost faith in the values and institution of western civilization in the aftermath of the Great War

    • Ex. Ernest Hemingway

  • Harlem Renaissance

    • Black literary and artistic movement

      • Ex. Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston

  • Jazz Age

    • Signified the decades spirit of liberation and rebellion

    • Louis Armstrong: trumpet

  • Modernism

    • Intellectual and artistic movement that rejected traditional notions of reality

      • Ex. O’Keefe

• African Americans

  • Idea of the New Negro

    • An movement of racial uplift

  • Marcus Garvey

    • Leading spokesperson for Negro Nationalism

• Women

  • Changed in roles

  • Creation of flappers

    • Young women who showed rebellion against prewar standards 

    • Shorter dresses, smoking, drinking

Charles Lindburg

• First solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic

• Highlighted the potential for long distance flight

Mass production 

• Model T

  • Created by Henry Ford

  • Allowed cars to be cheaper

  • Created faster transportation and suburban areas

Evolution Scandal

• States passed laws banning the teaching of evolution

• Scopes Trial

  • Trial of a high school teacher that violated the law of teaching about evolution

Causes of Great Depression

• Smoot-Hawley Tariff

  • Raised taxes extremely high

  • Taxed imported goods

  • Europe retaliated in response

• Stock market crash

  • Caused black Tuesday 

• Deflation of goods

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Presidency

• First few days in office

  • National Bank holiday

    • Closed banks for a few days

  • Emergency Banking Relief Act

    • President could reopen “good banks”

  • Fireside Chats

    • Tried to help regain public trust in the banks

• The New Deal

  • Attempted to provide relief, recovery, and reform

  • The First New Deal (1933-1935)

    • Focused primarily on on relief and recovery

  • The Second New Deal (1935-1938)

    • Primarily focused on reform

    • Changing the role of the government to prevent another depression from happening

  • Relief

    • Goal was to provide jobs, help end suffering

    • Examples

      • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

        • Put young men to work

        • Workers sent a portion of their income back to families

        • Environmental work: planting trees, building parks, etc.

        • Worked in segregated camps

      • Public Works Association (PWA)

        • Provided 4 billion dollars to state governments to build schools, roads, highways, etc

      • Works Progress Administration

        • Employed 9 million workers

        • Built roads, bridges, etc.

  • Recovery

    • Goal was to help improve the economy

    • Examples

      • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

        • Sought to limit the production of crops

        •  paid Farmers not to grow crops 

      • National industrial Recovery Act (NRA)

        •  allow the president to set codes for Industries (prices, working hours, Etc)

        •  declared unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US

  • Reform 

    • Goal was to reform the economy prevent another Great Depression

    •  Examples:

      •  Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC)

        •  guaranteed bank deposits up to $5,000

        • Help restore faith in Banks

      •  Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)

        • Sought to protect stock market from fraud

• How was the New Deal paid

  • Deficit spending- spending more than the government brings in

• People that pushed Roosevelt to towards more change

  • Dr Francis Townsend

    • Pension plan 

    • Led to creation of social security

  • Huey Long

    • proposed providing $5,000 to every family by taxing the wealthy 

• Groups that sought to limit the new deals scope

  •  Supreme Court 

    • Declared the AAA and NRA unconstitutional

• Court packing plan

  •  Roosevelt sought to influence the Supreme Court

  •  for every judge over 70 that does not retire he could appoint a new one 

  • This would allow him to appoint up to six new judges 

  • Cause public outcry 

• African Americans in the New Deal

  • 1/4 of African Americans were receiving government assistance

  • Roosevelt did not push to make  lynching a federal crime or in poll taxes

  • Segregation existed within the CCC

  •  relief agencies paid African Americans and other minority groups less than whites in certain areas

  •  African-Americans typically voted for Democrats 

• Impacts of the new deal

  •  did not end the Depression 

• Successes of the new deal

  •  restored faith and optimism

  •  provided millions of jobs

  •  programs still exist today

•  negatives of the new deal

  •  unemployment still occurred

  •  World War II helped end the depression 

US Neutrality to WWII

• 1920s

  • US takes a more isolationist path

  • US signs several agreements

    • Washington Conference/Five Power Treaty (1921-1922)

      • Purpose was to reduce weaponry and military 

      • US, Britain, and Japan agreed to limit their navy and shipbuilding

    • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

      • Made war illegal

      • No enforcement mechanism if treaty was violated

• 1930s-Events leading up to WWII

  • 1931-Japanese invaded Manchuria

    • Stimson Doctrine: US would not recognize Japanese territory gains

  • 4/12/1934-Nye Committee

    • Senate stated that US entered WWI to make profits for businesses

  • Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)

    • Neutrality Act of 1935

      • US cannot sell weapons to warring countries 

    • Neutrality Act of 1936

      • US banned loans to warring nations

    • Neutrality Act of 1937

      • Required nonmilitary American goods bought by warring countries to be sold on a cash-and -carry basis

  • 1937

    • Japan, Germany, and Italy join as the Axis powers

  • 1938

    • Munich Pact

      • Used to appease Germany

      • Gave Germany land in the Sudetenland

      • Violated when Germany invaded the Czech Republic

  • 1939

    • Germany invaded Poland

      • Sparked the war

      • France and Britain join the war

    • Neutrality Act of 1939

      • Neutrality act is revised by Roosevelt

      • Designed to help Britain and France

      • Allowed Britain and France to send their ships to the US to bring back American military supplies

• US Preparation for war

  • Roosevelt knew war was coming

  • The Manhattan Project

    • Created the atomic bomb

  • Lend-Lease Act

    • Allowed US to lend or lease military equipment to countries the president deemed vital to the defense of the US

    • Favored Britain

    • Increased US involvement in WWII

End of US Neutrality

• Atlantic Charter

  • Wartime meeting between US (FDR) and Britain (Churchill)

  • Outlined the goals for post-WWI, including: self-determination, lower trade barriers, economic cooperation, etc.

  • US was no longer a “neutral nation”

• Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

  • Japanese warplanes bombed US base in Hawaii

  • Sparked US entry into WWII

  • Successful for the Japanese

Arsenal of Democracy

• US needed immense industrial capacity to wage war against Germany and Japan

• War Powers Act (1941)

  • Gave president the authority to reorganize government agencies and create new ones, regulate business and industry, and even censor mail and communication

• US war production exceeded that of all of the axis powers by 1942

• War Productions Board (1942)

  • Directed conversion of US industries to war production

• Arsenal of Democracy transformed US’s economy into the world’s most efficient military machine

American Home Front

• Women

  • Joined the WAC (Women’s Army Corps)

    • Equivalent to the navy

  • Served in the military as nurses

  • Women joined the civilian workforce

    • Took on traditionally male jobs

• African Americans

  • Joined the industrial workforce

  • Joined the military in segregated units

  • Participated in the military

    • Helped pave the way for the Civil Rights Movement

    • Tuskegee Airman

• Mexican Americans

  • Bracero program

    • Used to recruit Mexican-Americans

  • Zoot-Suit Riots

    • Race riots

    • Conflict between Mexican Americans and Whites

• Native Americans

  • Many joined the war

• Japanese

  • Executive Order 9066

    • Placed Japanese citizens in internment

Atlantic Theater

• Battle of the Atlantic

  • Britain and US found a way to combat German U-boats

  • Improvements with radar

• D-Day

  • Operation Overlord

    • Assault along the French coastline

  • Landing on Normandy

    • Diversions for Germany

• Yalta Conference

  • Would split Germany into occupation zones after the war

Pacific Theater

• Battle of Midway

  • First major naval defeat for Japan in 350 years

• US strategy

  • Island hopping

• Battle of Leyte Gulf

  • Japan utilized kamikaze warfare with suicide bombers crashing their planes into American warships

• The Atomic Bomb

  • Hiroshima

    • Ordered by Truman, if the Japanese did not surrender

  • Potsdam Germany

    • Outlawed Nazism

    • Demanded Japan’s surrender by August 3

      • Japan does not surrender

        • Led to dropping the atomic bomb on Nagasaki

        • Five days later Japan accepted terms of  surrender

After War

• Creation of the United Nations

• US and Russia rise to global power

• Germany is split into occupation zones

• US federal government power increases

• US becomes interventionist