SPICE Charts - Units 6-9
Remember: the S is for Social, the P is for Political, the I is for Interaction with Environment, the C is for Cultural, and the E is for Economic!
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization
S:
Social Darwinism, which argued that white people were biologically superior in comparison in other races, was used to justify imperialism, as imperialists reasoned they had an inherent right to conquer other people
Many immigrants to the Americas settled in urban areas (e.g., San Francisco and Buenos Aires), seeking economic opportunities and a better quality of life, which contributed to the rapid growth of cities during this period.
Women sometimes gained authority and autonomy after their husbands left for indentured work abroad
Due to the slave trade, the African diaspora came to include the United States of America and Caribbean countries
Due to indentured servitude, major Indian populations were established in the Guianas, the Caribbean, South Africa, East Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and Fiji
For the same reasons, major Chinese populations were established in California and Malaya, and a large Japanese population in Hawaii
P:
Aboriginal people used political activism to express their distaste for how colonial authorities in Australia prioritized converting them to Christianity over ensuring that they have access to the necessities for survival
Australia became a key penal colony for the British after they lost Georgia in the American Revolution
French Guiana and New Caledonia became key penal colonies for France
India was the most important British colony, often referred to as the “jewel in the crown”, due to its massive population, large variety natural resources, and critical location near the Indian Ocean, China, and the Middle East
During the Berlin Conference, Africa was split into several colonies under European control
The United States took over Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines after winning the Spanish-American War (all three were once colonies of Spain)
The Monroe Doctrine & the eventual Roosevelt Corollary established that the U.S. would militarily interfere if Europeans imperialized Latin America
The Sino-Japanese War led to a weakened Qing Empire
Japan followed in the footsteps of the Europeans and Americans by colonizing parts of East Asia, including Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and Manchuria
Siam (Thailand) remained free from imperial and colonial control by Europeans; it served as a critical buffer state between the British Raj and French Indochina
Liberia was established by the American Colonization Society as a place for ex-slaves to reside; it remained one of two countries in Africa not colonized by a foreign power (the other was Ethiopia)
I:
Guano (bat & seabird scat) was collected, often by indentured Polynesian & Chinese servants, for use as fertilizer; guano industries were typically located in Peru & Chile
Diamonds from South Africa became an important natural resources as it was a highly sought over luxury good; companies like De Beers took advantage of this demand for increased profits
The Suez Canal was built by a French company in Egypt (which became a British colony) to allow for a quicker way for products to reach Europe from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (no more being forced to go around the Cape of Good Hope!)
The Americans were given the rights to build the Panama Canal, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in modern-day Panama in exchange for supporting Panamanian independence from Columbia
C:
Christian missionaries established missions & schools in European colonies in Africa
Migrants retained their cultural traditions, language, and religion while contributing to the cultural landscape of their new home
E:
Economic imperialism was practiced, where powerful nations extend their economic power over weaker nations through direct investment, trade, or influence, often resulting in the exploitation of resources and labor
Capitalist economies relied on forms of labor such as corvée labor, coerced labor, semicoerced labor, convict labor, and indentured servitude
European countries assumed full control over colonies, diminishing the economic and political power of companies such as the Dutch East India Company
Unit 7: Global Conflict
S:
Since a vast majority of men were in combat during WWI and WWII, women became an integral part of the workforce and helped drive the economies of warring states to prosperity
P:
The Russian Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, toppled the existing tsarist autocracy and replaced it with a communist regime
The Mexican Revolution , which began in 1910, aimed to address social injustices and land reforms, ultimately leading to significant political and economic changes in Mexico; additionally, Porfirio DĂaz’s dictatorship was supplanted with a constitutional republic
The Qing Dynasty was removed from power in 1911
Sun Yat-sen was the key figure in the movement against the Qing Dynasty and helped establish the short-lived Republic of China, led by the Kuomingtang and succeeded by the People’s Republic of China (China’s current government)
As the Ottoman Empire declined, a group of reformers known as the Young Turks emerged; they desired the creation of a constitution similar to that of European states
WWI was fought because of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism; it was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist and Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip
The Triple Alliance (supplanted by the Central Powers) was formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, countering the opposing Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Britain (supplanted by the Allied Powers), which played a significant role in the dynamics of WWI.
The Treaty of Versailles put an end to WWI; it gave German colonies to Great Britain, France, and Japan, and turned Ottoman provinces into British and French mandates, such as Palestine, Transjordan, and Syria
Palestine eventually became a point of contention and conflict in the Middle East, especially as both Jewish and Muslim Arab populations laid claim to the land, ultimately leading to ongoing disputes and violence; the country of Israel was established in 1948, leading to further tensions
Benito Mussolini was dictator of Italy during WWII and founded the principles of fascism: a political ideology characterized by authoritarian nationalism, centralized control of government, suppression of political dissent, and strong regimentation of society
WWII was fought because of the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh reparations on Germany, leading to economic instability and the rise of Adolf Hitler. The war was characterized by significant events such as the invasion of Poland, the Holocaust, and the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The two sides of WWII were the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allied Powers (mainly Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States)
The Indian National Congress aired grievances regarding British colonial rule, advocating for Indian independence
I:
World War II had profound and lasting environmental impacts on Japan, including widespread deforestation, industrial pollution, and the devastating consequences of atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which led to long-term health issues and ecological damage
Due to maritime warfare in the Pacific Theater, many coral reefs and other oceanic ecosystems were damaged
The forests in Asian Russia were spared from deforestation due to their rural location, compared to those in Europe
C:
The Young Turks also advocated for Turkification—an effort to make all citizens of the empire identify with Turkish culture
Hilter falsely claimed that ethnic Germans were Aryans, a race superior to all other races, which he used to justify discriminatory policies and genocide (the Holocaust) against “inferior” groups of people, especially Jews.
E:
The Great Depression, which began in the United States, was a global economic downturn that occurred during the interwar period after a period of relative economic prosperity: the Roaring Twenties
Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization
S:
P:
I:
C:
E:
Unit 9: Globalization
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