SPICE Charts - Units 6-9

Remember: the S is for Social, the P is for Political, the I is for Interaction with Environment, the C is for Cultural, and the E is for Economic!

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Social Darwinism, which argued that white people were biologically superior in comparison to other races, was used to justify imperialism, as imperialists reasoned they had an inherent right to conquer other people
Many immigrants to the Americas settled in urban areas (e.g., San Francisco and Buenos Aires), seeking economic opportunities and a better quality of life, which contributed to the rapid growth of cities during this period.
Women sometimes gained authority and autonomy after their husbands left for indentured work abroad
Due to the slave trade, the African diaspora came to include the United States of America and Caribbean countries
Due to indentured servitude, major Indian populations were established in the Guianas, the Caribbean, South Africa, East Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and Fiji
For the same reasons, major Chinese populations were established in California and Malaya, and a large Japanese population in Hawaii

Aboriginal people used political activism to express their distaste for how colonial authorities in Australia prioritized converting them to Christianity over ensuring that they have access to the necessities for survival
Australia became a key penal colony for the British after they lost Georgia in the American Revolution
French Guiana and New Caledonia became key penal colonies for France
India was the most important British colony, often referred to as the “jewel in the crown”, due to its massive population, large variety natural resources, and critical location near the Indian Ocean, China, and the Middle East
During the Berlin Conference, Africa was split into several colonies under European control
The United States took over Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines after winning the Spanish-American War (all three were once colonies of Spain)
The Monroe Doctrine & the eventual Roosevelt Corollary established that the U.S. would militarily interfere if Europeans imperialized Latin America
The Sino-Japanese War led to a weakened Qing Empire
Japan followed in the footsteps of the Europeans and Americans by colonizing parts of East Asia, including Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and Manchuria
Siam (Thailand) remained free from imperial and colonial control by Europeans; it served as a critical buffer state between the British Raj and French Indochina
Liberia was established by the American Colonization Society as a place for ex-slaves to reside; it remained one of two countries in Africa not colonized by a foreign power (the other was Ethiopia)

Guano (bat & seabird scat) was collected, often by indentured Polynesian & Chinese servants, for use as fertilizer; guano industries were typically located in Peru & Chile
Diamonds from South Africa became an important natural resources as it was a highly sought over luxury good; companies like De Beers took advantage of this demand for increased profits
The Suez Canal was built by a French company in Egypt (which became a British colony) to allow for a quicker way for products to reach Europe from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (no more being forced to go around the Cape of Good Hope!)
The Americans were given the rights to build the Panama Canal, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, in modern-day Panama in exchange for supporting Panamanian independence from Columbia

Christian missionaries established missions & schools in European colonies in Africa
Migrants retained their cultural traditions, language, and religion while contributing to the cultural landscape of their new home

Economic imperialism was practiced, where powerful nations extend their economic power over weaker nations through direct investment, trade, or influence, often resulting in the exploitation of resources and labor
Capitalist economies relied on forms of labor such as corvée labor, coerced labor, semicoerced labor, convict labor, and indentured servitude
European countries assumed full control over colonies, diminishing the economic and political power of companies such as the Dutch East India Company

Unit 7: Global Conflict

Since a vast majority of men were in combat during WWI and WWII, women became an integral part of the workforce and helped drive the economies of warring states to prosperity

The Russian Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, toppled the existing tsarist autocracy and replaced it with a communist regime
The Mexican Revolution , which began in 1910, aimed to address social injustices and land reforms, ultimately leading to significant political and economic changes in Mexico; additionally, Porfirio Díaz’s dictatorship was supplanted with a constitutional republic
The Qing Dynasty was removed from power in 1911
Sun Yat-sen was the key figure in the movement against the Qing Dynasty and helped establish the short-lived Republic of China, led by the Kuomingtang and succeeded by the People’s Republic of China (China’s current government)
As the Ottoman Empire declined, a group of reformers known as the Young Turks emerged; they desired the creation of a constitution similar to that of European states
WWI was fought because of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism; it was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist and Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip
The Triple Alliance (supplanted by the Central Powers) was formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, countering the opposing Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Britain (supplanted by the Allied Powers), which played a significant role in the dynamics of WWI.
The Treaty of Versailles put an end to WWI; it gave German colonies to Great Britain, France, and Japan, and turned Ottoman provinces into British and French mandates, such as Palestine, Transjordan, and Syria
Palestine eventually became a point of contention and conflict in the Middle East, especially as both Jewish and Muslim Arab populations laid claim to the land, ultimately leading to ongoing disputes and violence; the country of Israel was established in 1948, leading to further tensions
Benito Mussolini was dictator of Italy during WWII and founded the principles of fascism: a political ideology characterized by authoritarian nationalism, centralized control of government, suppression of political dissent, and strong regimentation of society
WWII was fought because of the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh reparations on Germany, leading to economic instability and the rise of Adolf Hitler. The war was characterized by significant events such as the invasion of Poland, the Holocaust, and the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The two sides of WWII were the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allied Powers (mainly Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States)
The Indian National Congress aired grievances regarding British colonial rule, advocating for Indian independence

World War II had profound and lasting environmental impacts on Japan, including widespread deforestation, industrial pollution, and the devastating consequences of atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which led to long-term health issues and ecological damage
Due to maritime warfare in the Pacific Theater, many coral reefs and other oceanic ecosystems were damaged
The forests in Asian Russia were spared from deforestation due to their rural location, compared to those in Europe

The Young Turks also advocated for Turkification—an effort to make all citizens of the empire identify with Turkish culture
Hilter falsely claimed that ethnic Germans were Aryans, a race superior to all other races, which he used to justify discriminatory policies and genocide (the Holocaust) against “inferior” groups of people, especially Jews.

The Great Depression, which began in the United States, was a global economic downturn that occurred during the interwar period after a period of relative economic prosperity: the Roaring Twenties

Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization

The Cold War saw increased nationalism among Soviets and Americans, contributing to increased hatred towards the opposite group

The Tehran Conference in Iran between the “Big Three” (FDR, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill) served to discuss military strategy during the ongoing Second World War and to convince Stalin to join the fight against Japan
The Yalta Conference in the USSR was a forum for discussing how to establish post-war order
The Tehran Conference in Germany was where the “Big Three” finalized their plans for creating post-war order, particularly the division of Germany and Austria (a Nazi puppet state) into zones of occupation
Germany was split into four occupation zones: a British one in the northwest, a French one in the southwest, an American one in the southeast, and a Soviet one in the northeast; the city of Berlin was also split into four occupation zones.
The British, American, and French zones collectively became West Germany, while the Soviet zone became East Germany
Austria was split into four occupation zones by the same countries as Germany; the French received the country’s panhandle, the British occupied the south, the Americans occupied the northwest, and the Soviets occupied the northeast
Vienna, like Berlin, was also split into French, British, American, and Soviet occupation zones
The Vietnam War saw conflict between North Vietnam (USSR-backed; winner of the war) and South Vietnam (U.S.-backed)
North Vietnam was a communist state led by the popular Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh (political party); the NVA was their army, and the country’s capital was Hanoi (Vietnam’s current capital)
South Vietnam was a republic led by the controversial (mainly for his discrimination against Buddhists; he was a Catholic) Ngo Dinh Diem; the AVRN was the country’s army and guerilla soldiers called the Viet Cong fought in the war, and South Vietnam’s capital city was Saigon (modern-day Ho Chi Minh City)
The Korean War, which resulted in a stalemate, was fought between the U.S.- and UN-backed South Korea and the USSR-backed North Korea (this country attacked first)
The Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) was a key Cold War proxy conflict, with the MPLA, backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba, fighting against UNITA and FNLA, supported by the U.S. and apartheid South Africa, for control of the newly independent nation
NATO and the Warsaw Pact became opposing supranational organizations
India, Indonesia, and several African countries became key leaders in the non-aligned movement, which caused indifference towards the Soviet Union and the United States of America
In late December 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan, aiming to prop up a communist government and quell a growing anti-communist insurgency, marking a major escalation of Cold War tensions and the end of détente
The Hundred Flowers Campaign was implemented by Mao Zedong to encourage a range of voices and opinions within the Communist Party and the broader Chinese society; initially, it aimed to promote open criticism of the government, but it ultimately led to a crackdown on dissent where many who spoke out faced persecution and punishment, resulting in widespread fear and repression of free expression

Nuclear weapons that were developed during the Cold War had increased capabilities of degradation and destruction environmentally; for example, the radiation emitted by these weapons of mass destruction can cause cancer in people exposed to it

Religious differences between Muslims & Hindus in British India eventually led to the colony’s partition into a Muslim-majority Pakistan and a Hindu-majority India
The Berlin Wall was collapsed in 1989, marking a reunion between the German people, who for long had been separated by post-WWII occupation zones and later East and West Germany

The Marshall Plan gave U.S.-provided economic aid to countries in Europe to help them rebuild after the devastation of WWII and to help counter to growing influence of the Soviet Union and communism

Unit 9: Globalization

Apartheid was a de jure practice of segregation in South Africa; the movement against it was led by Nelson Mandela, who used nonviolent civil disobedience mimicing that of Mahatma Gandhi in India against British colonization and Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States against Jim Crow laws

In 2020, the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union, despite not being part of the eurozone or the Schengen Area, a move commonly referred to as Brexit; this decision marked a significant shift in the UK’s political and economic relationship with European countries, reflecting a growing sentiment of nationalism and a desire for greater sovereignty
The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization consisting of nearly every sovereign country in the world that grew out of the League of Nations, a supranational organization founded after WWI to promote unity and peace; however, the League of Nations failed because one of its founding country, the United States, refused to participate in it

The Green Belt Movement was founded in Kenya in the late 20th century to advocate for community tree planting and environmental education
The Green Revolution was a 20th century period of innovation in agriculture, starting in the United States and spreading to various parts of the developing world
Positive outcomes of the Green Revolution: increased crop yields, decreased food insecurity; growth for agribusinesses; increased productivity in agricultural production; adoption of modern agricultural technologies in the developing world
Negative outcomes of the Green Revolution: increased use of GMOs, pesticides, insecticides, and fertilizers; marginalization of small farmers; environmental degradation and less biodiversity due to monoculture practices
Desertification is a process where fertile land becomes arid and dry, often due to poor agricultural practices, deforestation, and climate change, leading to significant challenges for food production and rural communities
Deforestation is the large-scale removal of trees, often resulting in loss of habitat, increased carbon emissions, and disruption of water cycles, further exacerbating the impacts of climate change and contributing to soil erosion and reduced agricultural productivity
Greenpeace is a global environmental organization that was founded in Canada and actively campaigns for sustainable agriculture practices and against the use of harmful chemicals in farming, advocating for the protection of biodiversity and the rights of small farmers impacted by industrial agricultural practices

Popular culture was a result of globalization in the 20th century
K-pop and Bollywood music are just two of the many musical phenomena that have gained international popularity, showcasing the blending of traditional elements with modern influences.
The Hari Krishna movement has played a significant role in spreading South Asian spiritual practices to the West, attracting diverse followers in the Americas and Europe

ASEAN is a supranational organization promoting regional economic growth and security among its Southeast Asian member states, enhancing trade relations and cooperation
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global international organization that regulates and facilitates international trade between nations, aiming to ensure smooth and predictable trade flows
The “Battle of Seattle” was a protest in Seattle, Washington, USA against the World Trade Organization, specifically focusing on its policies that activists claimed prioritized corporate interests over environmental protections and labor rights, sparking significant public debate on globalization and trade practices
The World Free Trade Organization (WFTO) is a non-governmental organization that advocates for fair trade practices and supports producers in developing countries to ensure equitable trading conditions

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