SOCIAL STUDIES 30 unit 3
Adam Smith- Scottish economist, Father of capitalism
Hitler- Fascist leader of Germany during WW2
Khrushchev- took over the soviet union after Stalin, plan for de-Stalinization, intensified persecution of religion, new intellectual ferment and widespread hope for greater freedom
Karl Marx- famous advocate for communism, Marxism
Mussolini- Italian dictator and journalist who founded and led the national fascist party
Gorbachev- a Soviet and Russian politician, called for rapid technological modernization, and increased worker productivity, Gorbachev envisaged a socialist revolution combining Lenin with democracy and a market economy.
Stalin- Stalinism/totalitarianism dictatorship
Castro- Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba, a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.
Lenin- a socialist, held a way of thinking about how the communist party should be organized. It says it should be a dictatorship of the proletariat (the working class holds the power). It is thought to be one of the first steps towards socialism.
Kennedy- president of the United States, was anti-communist and socialism, and supported tax cuts and low taxes. With the democratic party.
Classic liberalism- a political tradition and a branch of liberalism which advocates free market and laissez-faire economics; and civil liberties under the rule of law, with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech.
Modern liberalism- combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice. Economically, modern liberalism supports government regulation on private industry and opposes corporate monopolies.
Communism- economic ideology that advocates for a classless society in which all property and wealth are communally owned, instead of being owned by individuals.
Marxism- a social, economic and political philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the labourers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society.
Fascism- a mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen.
Socialism- a political philosophy and movement encompassing a wide range of economic and social systems which are characterized by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.
Democratic socialism- having a socialist economy in which the means of production are socially and collectively owned or controlled alongside a liberal democratic political system of government.
Welfare capitalism- capitalism that includes social welfare policies and/or the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees
Command economy- a planned economy, is one in which the central government plans, organizes, and controls all economic activities to maximize social welfare
Planned economy- a type of economic system where financial decisions are made according to government plans
Market economy- an economic system where two forces, known as supply and demand, direct the production of goods and services.
Public enterprise- a business organization wholly or partly owned by the state and controlled through a public authority.
Private enterprise- industry and business which is owned by individual people or commercial companies, and not by the government or an official organization.
Laissez-faire economics- the belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government
Mixed economy- A mixed economic system is a system that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism.
Corporate Economy- economic decisions are achieved through negotiations between centralized corporate bodies representing interest groups
Industrial revolution- the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines.
Dictatorship/totalitarianism- a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and regulation over public and private life.
Democracy- a type of government or political system ruled by citizens, people who are members of a society
Capitalism- an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society.
Collectivization- the act or policy of joining several private farms, industries, etc. together so that they are controlled by the community or by the state.
5-year plans- method of planning economic growth over limited periods, through the use of quotas, used first in the Soviet Union and later in other socialist states.
Gulag- a prison camp where conditions are extremely bad and the prisoners are forced to work very hard
Stagnation- a condition of slow or flat growth in an economy
Sphere of influence- the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.
Western liberal values- the belief in freedom, equality, democracy and human rights, historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu, and with constitutionally limiting the power of the monarch
Nationalization- the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.
Perestroika- referring to the restructuring of the political and economic systems of the Soviet Union, in an attempt to end the Era of Stagnation.
Glasnost- a Soviet policy permitting open discussion of political and social issues and freer dissemination of news and information.
Treaty of Versailles- outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the victorious Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom
Scapegoating- the tendency to blame someone else for one's own problems
Propaganda- the dissemination of information—facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion.
Cold war- an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II
Superpowers- a state that possesses military or economic might, or both, and general influence vastly superior to that of other states.
Nuclear arms race- an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.
Iron curtain- a barrier that divided capitalist and communist nations.
NATO- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.
Warsaw Pact- a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe
Berlin blockade/ airlift- Stalin closed down all access points into Berlin, Germany, which cut Berlin off from the Western allies
Cuban Revolution- a social and armed conflict led by Fidel Castro to overthrow the government of Fulgencio Batista.
Cuban missile crisis- a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Korean war- conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives.
Vietnam war- a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.
Hungarian revolution- a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from October 23 until November 10, 1956.
Afghanistan war- the internal conflict that began in 1978 between anticommunist Islamic guerrillas and the Afghan communist government leading to the overthrow of the government in 1992.
Iranian hostage crisis- Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took them as hostages.
SALT I & II treaties- Preventing nuclear warfare by reducing the number of long-range ballistic missiles (strategic arms) that each side could possess and manufacture.
Détente - less tension and a better relationship between two countries. The main example was during the Cold War. In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union improved relations.
Deterrence- military strategy under which one power uses the threat of reprisal effectively to preclude an attack from an adversary power
Alignment- a term used to describe how one or more people can share a current reality based on a common understanding
Containment- maintaining the US military presence around the world, as well as supporting 'friendly' regimes economically and militarily
Brinkmanship- the practice of trying to achieve an advantageous outcome by pushing dangerous events to the brink of active conflict.
Expansionism- states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism
Diplomacy- the art and science of maintaining peaceful relationships between nations, groups, or individuals.
Appeasement- Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent war.
Liberation movements- an organization or political movement leading a rebellion, or a non-violent social movement, against a colonial power or national government, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist outlook.
Aboriginal collective thought- A way of thinking that values the group more than the individual, and views all things as interconnected.
Doukhobors- a group of people, native to Russia, with a distinct set of religious beliefs. They were pacifists who refused to enlist in the Russian army. They believed that God had a presence in every human being and they held their own worship services with their families and friends
Sharia law- acts as a code for living that all Muslims should adhere to, including prayers, fasting and donations to the poor.
New Caledonia / Oka- a 78-day standoff (11 July–26 September 1990) between Kanyen'kehà:ka (Mohawk) protesters, Quebec police, the RCMP and the Canadian Army. the Canadian government purchased the land at the heart of the dispute, and the development expansion was cancelled.
Greenpeace- an organization founded in 1971 that stresses the need to maintain a balance between human progress and environmental conservation.
Adam Smith- Scottish economist, Father of capitalism
Hitler- Fascist leader of Germany during WW2
Khrushchev- took over the soviet union after Stalin, plan for de-Stalinization, intensified persecution of religion, new intellectual ferment and widespread hope for greater freedom
Karl Marx- famous advocate for communism, Marxism
Mussolini- Italian dictator and journalist who founded and led the national fascist party
Gorbachev- a Soviet and Russian politician, called for rapid technological modernization, and increased worker productivity, Gorbachev envisaged a socialist revolution combining Lenin with democracy and a market economy.
Stalin- Stalinism/totalitarianism dictatorship
Castro- Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba, a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.
Lenin- a socialist, held a way of thinking about how the communist party should be organized. It says it should be a dictatorship of the proletariat (the working class holds the power). It is thought to be one of the first steps towards socialism.
Kennedy- president of the United States, was anti-communist and socialism, and supported tax cuts and low taxes. With the democratic party.
Classic liberalism- a political tradition and a branch of liberalism which advocates free market and laissez-faire economics; and civil liberties under the rule of law, with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech.
Modern liberalism- combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice. Economically, modern liberalism supports government regulation on private industry and opposes corporate monopolies.
Communism- economic ideology that advocates for a classless society in which all property and wealth are communally owned, instead of being owned by individuals.
Marxism- a social, economic and political philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the labourers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society.
Fascism- a mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen.
Socialism- a political philosophy and movement encompassing a wide range of economic and social systems which are characterized by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.
Democratic socialism- having a socialist economy in which the means of production are socially and collectively owned or controlled alongside a liberal democratic political system of government.
Welfare capitalism- capitalism that includes social welfare policies and/or the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees
Command economy- a planned economy, is one in which the central government plans, organizes, and controls all economic activities to maximize social welfare
Planned economy- a type of economic system where financial decisions are made according to government plans
Market economy- an economic system where two forces, known as supply and demand, direct the production of goods and services.
Public enterprise- a business organization wholly or partly owned by the state and controlled through a public authority.
Private enterprise- industry and business which is owned by individual people or commercial companies, and not by the government or an official organization.
Laissez-faire economics- the belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government
Mixed economy- A mixed economic system is a system that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism.
Corporate Economy- economic decisions are achieved through negotiations between centralized corporate bodies representing interest groups
Industrial revolution- the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines.
Dictatorship/totalitarianism- a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and regulation over public and private life.
Democracy- a type of government or political system ruled by citizens, people who are members of a society
Capitalism- an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society.
Collectivization- the act or policy of joining several private farms, industries, etc. together so that they are controlled by the community or by the state.
5-year plans- method of planning economic growth over limited periods, through the use of quotas, used first in the Soviet Union and later in other socialist states.
Gulag- a prison camp where conditions are extremely bad and the prisoners are forced to work very hard
Stagnation- a condition of slow or flat growth in an economy
Sphere of influence- the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.
Western liberal values- the belief in freedom, equality, democracy and human rights, historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu, and with constitutionally limiting the power of the monarch
Nationalization- the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.
Perestroika- referring to the restructuring of the political and economic systems of the Soviet Union, in an attempt to end the Era of Stagnation.
Glasnost- a Soviet policy permitting open discussion of political and social issues and freer dissemination of news and information.
Treaty of Versailles- outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the victorious Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom
Scapegoating- the tendency to blame someone else for one's own problems
Propaganda- the dissemination of information—facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion.
Cold war- an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II
Superpowers- a state that possesses military or economic might, or both, and general influence vastly superior to that of other states.
Nuclear arms race- an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.
Iron curtain- a barrier that divided capitalist and communist nations.
NATO- The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.
Warsaw Pact- a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe
Berlin blockade/ airlift- Stalin closed down all access points into Berlin, Germany, which cut Berlin off from the Western allies
Cuban Revolution- a social and armed conflict led by Fidel Castro to overthrow the government of Fulgencio Batista.
Cuban missile crisis- a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Korean war- conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives.
Vietnam war- a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.
Hungarian revolution- a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from October 23 until November 10, 1956.
Afghanistan war- the internal conflict that began in 1978 between anticommunist Islamic guerrillas and the Afghan communist government leading to the overthrow of the government in 1992.
Iranian hostage crisis- Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took them as hostages.
SALT I & II treaties- Preventing nuclear warfare by reducing the number of long-range ballistic missiles (strategic arms) that each side could possess and manufacture.
Détente - less tension and a better relationship between two countries. The main example was during the Cold War. In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union improved relations.
Deterrence- military strategy under which one power uses the threat of reprisal effectively to preclude an attack from an adversary power
Alignment- a term used to describe how one or more people can share a current reality based on a common understanding
Containment- maintaining the US military presence around the world, as well as supporting 'friendly' regimes economically and militarily
Brinkmanship- the practice of trying to achieve an advantageous outcome by pushing dangerous events to the brink of active conflict.
Expansionism- states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism
Diplomacy- the art and science of maintaining peaceful relationships between nations, groups, or individuals.
Appeasement- Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent war.
Liberation movements- an organization or political movement leading a rebellion, or a non-violent social movement, against a colonial power or national government, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist outlook.
Aboriginal collective thought- A way of thinking that values the group more than the individual, and views all things as interconnected.
Doukhobors- a group of people, native to Russia, with a distinct set of religious beliefs. They were pacifists who refused to enlist in the Russian army. They believed that God had a presence in every human being and they held their own worship services with their families and friends
Sharia law- acts as a code for living that all Muslims should adhere to, including prayers, fasting and donations to the poor.
New Caledonia / Oka- a 78-day standoff (11 July–26 September 1990) between Kanyen'kehà:ka (Mohawk) protesters, Quebec police, the RCMP and the Canadian Army. the Canadian government purchased the land at the heart of the dispute, and the development expansion was cancelled.
Greenpeace- an organization founded in 1971 that stresses the need to maintain a balance between human progress and environmental conservation.
