AP Psychology Unit 10

Module 55

Personality

  • Sigmund Freud
    • Id
    • Pleasure principle
      • Wants anything pleasurable
    • Totally unconscious
    • Ego
    • Reality principle
      • Wants to balance between getting pleasure for id but keeping us from embarrassment or harm from superego
    • Superego
    • Conscience principle
      • Wants you to be better than everyone else

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

  • Oral
    • 0-18 months
    • Pleasure centres on the mouth
    • Sucking, biting,and chewing
  • Anal
    • 18-36 months
    • Potty training
  • Phallic
    • 3-6 years
    • Pleasure zone is the genitals
    • Coping with sexual feelings
  • Latency
    • 6-puberty
    • Phase of dormant sexual feelings
  • Genital
    • Puberty-death
    • Maturation of sexual interests

★ Some people get stuck in a sexual stage ★

Defence Mechanisms

  • Repression
    • Restraint of a certain thing
    • Arousing thoughts, feelings, or memories
  • Regression
    • Retreating to an infantile psychosexual stage
    • Child resorts to sucking his thumb on the first day of school
  • Reaction formation
    • Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
    • Anger → extreme friendliness
  • Rationalisation
    • When we offer excuses instead of the real reasons for our actions because they aren’t socially acceptable
    • Alcoholic says she just drinks with friends to be social
  • Displacement
    • Shifting impulses to a less-threatening person
    • Girl kicks the dog after her mom sends her to her room
  • Sublimation
    • Transferring unacceptable impulses to socially valued motives
    • Man with extreme anger becomes a surgeon
  • Projection
    • Disguising one's own impulses by attributing them on someone else
    • A thief thinks everyone else is a thief

Psychodynamic or Neo-Freudian

Module 55

  • Personality
  • Sigmund Freud
    • Id
    • Pleasure principle
      • Wants anything pleasurable
    • Totally unconscious
    • Ego
    • Reality principle
    • Superego
    • Conscience principle
      • Wants you to be better than everyone else
  • Repression
    • Restraint of a certain thing
    • Arousing thoughts, feelings, or memories
  • Regression
    • Retreating to an infantile psychosexual stage
    • Child resorts to sucking his thumb on the first day of school
  • Reaction formation
    • Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
    • Anger → extreme friendliness
  • Rationalisation
    • When we offer excuses instead of the real reasons for our actions
    • Alcoholic says she just drinks with friends to be social
  • Displacement
    • Shifting impulses to a less-threatening person
    • Girl kicks the dog after her mom sends her to her room
  • Sublimation
    • Transferring unacceptable impulses to socially valued motives
    • Man with extreme anger becomes a surgeon
  • Projection
    • Disguising one's own impulses by attributing them on someone else
    • A thief thinks everyone else is a thief

Psychodynamic or Neo-Freudian

  • Alfred Adler
    • Not sex, but socialisation and social anxiety
    • Inferiority complex
  • Karen Horney
    • Not sex, but childhood anxiety
    • Tried to bring a more feminine view
  • Carl Jung
    • We’re born with a collective unconscious
    • Born with certain things already in our unconscious
    • Ex. being afraid of the dark

Freud

  • Free association
    • Quick responses come out of your unconscious
  • Projective Tests
    • Rorschach Inkblot Test
    • What you first think of when you see an inkblot
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
    • Give them a picture and ask them to make up a story about the picture
    • Sentence completion
  • How we view the unconscious today

Module 57

Choices (Maslow)

  • Humanism
    • Becoming the best version of yourself that you can become
  • People you look up to
  • Self-actualization
    • Likeable
    • Caring
    • Affectionate
    • Secretly uneasy about meanness found in young people

Carl Rogers’ Humanistic Theory of Personality Development

  • Genuineness
    • Open with their feelings
  • Acceptance
    • When someone is accepting, they offer grace
    • Unconditional positive regard
  • Empathy
    • Share and mirror others feelings and reflect their feelings

Humanism

  • Individualism
  • Naive

Module 58

Behaviours

  • Gordon Allport
    • Trait theory
    • Characteristic behaviours and conscious motives
  • Myers-Briggs type indicator
    • Grouping with others who are like yourself
  • Factor analysis
    • Identify clusters of test items based on intelligence
  • Personality inventory
    • A questionnaire to assess personality traits
  • MMPI
    • Most widely used personality test
    • An empirically derived test
  • Eysenck
    • Factor analysis
  • Personality is biologically based
  • Empirically derived test
    • Testing a pool of items and selecting those that discriminate between groups
  • The BIG FIVE
    • Conscientiousness
    • organised/disorganised
    • careful/careless
    • disciplined/impulsive
    • Agreeableness
    • soft-hearted/ruthless
    • trusting/suspicious
    • helpful/uncooperative
    • Neuroticism
    • calm/anxious
    • secure/insecure
    • self-satisfied/self-pitying
    • Openness
    • practical/imaginative
    • prefers routines/prefers variety
    • conforming/independent
    • Extraversion
    • sociable/retiring
    • fun-loving/sober
    • affectionate/reserved
  • Genetically influenced personality traits that are in our
    • Music preferences
    • Bedrooms and offices
    • Personal websites
    • Electronic communication
  • Traits are stable
    • You are at an old age as you were at a young age
    • Heritability?
    • Very
    • Genetics plays a huge role in personality
  • Person-situation controversy
    • Evaluating other, we say their behaviour is their personality
    • Evaluating ourselves, we say our behaviour is because of the situation

Openness: How open a person is to new ideas and experiences

Conscientiousness: How goal-directed, persistent, and organised a person is

Extraversion: How much a person is energised by the outside world

Agreeableness: How much a person puts others interests and needs ahead of their own

Neuroticism: How sensitive a person is to stress and negative emotional triggers

Module 59

  • Social-cognitive perspective
    • Interaction with traits and situations
    • How us and the environment interact
  • Behavioural
    • Effects of learning on personality development
    • How the environment controls us
  • Reciprocal determinism
    • Influences of behaviour, internal cognition, and environment
  • Spotlight effect
    • Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our performance
  • Self-serving bias
    • A readiness to perceive oneself favourably
  • Individualism
    • Giving priority to one’s own goals over the goals of the group

sigmund freud

id, ego, superego

psychosexual stages

defense mechanisms

alfred adler

karen horney

carl jung

humanist

maslow

social-cognitive theory

albert bandra

rewards and punishments

observation and imitation

trait theory

eysenck’s theory

big 5 traits

CANOE/OCEAN

reciprocal determinism

behaviour, internal cognition, and environment

==we influence and are influenced by these things==

behaviour emerges from the interplay of external and internal influences

optimism v. pessimism

attributional style

how do we attribute things in our personality (positive v. negative)

martin seligman

positive psychology

promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

is it possible to be so incompetent that you see yourself as competent

we judge people because of the situation

the person’s past behavioural pattern in similar situations is how we judge them

we are so focused on traits that we don’t look at the effects of the situation

@@pg 593 charts@@

self

center of personality

organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions

spotlight effect

we think others notice everything about us

we are so worried about our own stuff that we don’t look at other people

self-esteem

ones feeling of high or low self worth

self-efficacy

how well you think you do things

self-efficacy leads to either a strong self-esteem or a weak self-esteem

floccinaucinihilipilification

individualist

more concerned about self than group