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SA PT 2 Cell Structures and Functions
Cell Structure and Function
Match the Terms:
1. What is a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function? → Organelle
2. What is the organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and controls the cell’s activities? → Nucleus
3. What is the fluid-filled region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane? → Cytoplasm
4. What is the membrane surrounding the cell? → Plasma membrane
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Plasma Membrane
A. Match the Terms:
1. What do extracellular and intercellular describe? → Areas outside and between cells
2. What does intracellular describe? → Inside the cell
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. What forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane? → Phospholipid
2. What type of end of the phospholipid is water-attracting? → Polar
3. What type of end of the phospholipid is water-repelling? → Nonpolar
4. What substance stabilizes the membrane? → Cholesterol
5. What type of molecule helps transport substances or act as receptors? → Protein
C. Match the Terms with Diagram Labels:
1. What are the main molecules forming the membrane bilayer? → Phospholipids
2. Which part of the phospholipid interacts with water? → Polar end
3. Which part of the phospholipid repels water? → Nonpolar end
4. What provides stability to the membrane? → Cholesterol
5. What spans or attaches to the membrane to perform functions? → Proteins
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Organelles and Cell Functions
A. Match the Terms:
1. What directs cell activity and contains DNA? → Nucleus
2. Where does ribosome production occur? → Nucleolus
3. What are the sites of protein synthesis? → Ribosome
4. What organelle synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals? → Smooth ER
B.
1. What packages and modifies proteins? → Golgi apparatus
2. What transports proteins to the membrane for export? → Secretory vesicle
3. What contains digestive enzymes? → Lysosome
4. What produces energy (ATP) for the cell? → Mitochondria
C.
1. What gives shape and support to the cell? → Cytoskeleton
2. What structures are hollow tubes involved in cell movement and structure? → Microtubules
3. What are thin filaments involved in movement and structure? → Microfilaments
4. What are ropelike fibers providing mechanical support? → Intermediate filaments
D.
1. What are short hair-like structures used for movement? → Cilia
2. What is a long whip-like tail used for movement? → Flagellum
3. What are small projections that increase surface area? → Microvilli
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Movement Through the Plasma Membrane
1. What forms the structural barrier of the plasma membrane? → Double layer of lipids
2. What allows specific molecules to pass through the membrane? → Membrane channels
3. What helps move substances across membranes? → Carrier molecules
4. What engulfs or releases substances via vesicles? → Vesicles
5. What aids in passive transport through pores? → Membrane channels
6. What helps in active transport of substances? → Carrier molecules
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Diffusion
1. What is the liquid portion of a solution? → Solvent
2. What is the substance dissolved in the solvent? → Solute
3. What is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration? → Diffusion
4. What is the process by which substances spread evenly? → Diffusion
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Osmosis and Filtration
1. What is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane? → Osmosis
2. What is the pressure required to stop osmosis? → Osmotic pressure
3. What term describes a solution with higher solute concentration? → Hypertonic
4. What is the bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution? → Lysis
5. What is movement of fluid through a membrane due to pressure? → Filtration
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Mediated Transport Mechanisms
1. What is the passive movement of molecules via carrier proteins? → Facilitated diffusion
2. What allows glucose to enter cells without using energy? → Facilitated diffusion
3. What uses ATP to move substances against a concentration gradient? → Active transport
4. What moves sodium and potassium in and out of cells using ATP? → Active transport
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Endocytosis and Exocytosis
1. What is the process of a cell engulfing substances? → Endocytosis
2. What is cell eating of large particles? → Phagocytosis
3. What is the release of substances from a cell? → Exocytosis
4. What is the uptake of fluid and dissolved substances? → Pinocytosis
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Protein Synthesis
1. What is the process of copying DNA into mRNA? → Transcription
2. What carries the genetic message to the ribosome? → mRNA
3. What brings amino acids to the ribosome? → tRNA
4. What is the process of assembling proteins from amino acids? → Translation
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Mitosis
A.
1. What term describes cells with a full set of chromosomes? → Diploid
2. What are chromosomes not related to sex called? → Autosomes
3. What is the female sex chromosome pair? → XX
4. What is the male sex chromosome pair? → XY
B.
1. What is the cell’s phase of growth and DNA replication? → Interphase
2. What phase involves chromosome condensation and spindle formation? → Prophase
3. What phase lines chromosomes at the cell equator? → Metaphase
4. What phase pulls sister chromatids apart? → Anaphase
5. What phase reforms the nucleus around chromatids? → Telophase
C.
1. What are the identical halves of a duplicated chromosome? → Chromatids
2. What joins sister chromatids together? → Centromere
3. What structures pull chromatids apart? → Spindle fibers
D. Diagram Labels:
1. What is the phase of chromosome condensation? → Prophase
2. What is the phase of chromosome alignment? → Metaphase
3. What is the phase of chromatid separation? → Anaphase
4. What is the final phase of mitosis? → Telophase
5. What helps organize spindle fibers? → Centriole
6. What connects chromatids? → Centromere
7. What is each half of a duplicated chromosome? → Chromatid
8. What fibers help separate chromatids? → Spindle fiber
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Meiosis
1. What are the reproductive cells (sperm and egg)? → Gametes
2. What describes cells with half the number of chromosomes? → Haploid
3. What is the paired set of homologous chromosomes during meiosis? → Tetrad
4. What is the rest phase between meiosis I and II? → Interkinesis
5. What two processes increase genetic variation in meiosis? → Crossing over, Random distribution
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Differentiation
1. Are all cells initially the same or different? → The same
2. What is the process of cells becoming specialized? → Differentiation
3. Do all cells have the same DNA? → Same
4. Do all cells express the same genes? → Different
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Quick Recall Organelles Chart
Each number corresponds to a specific structure or organelle:
1. Secretory vesicle
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Nucleus
4. Microtubules
5. Microvilli
6. Golgi apparatus
7. Ribosome
8. Lysosome
9. Mitochondrion
10. Centrioles
11. Cytoskeleton
12. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
13. Nucleolus
14. Cilia
15. Flagellum
16. Microfilaments
17. Intermediate filaments
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Short Answers
17. What are the two major molecules of the plasma membrane and their functions? → Phospholipids (form barrier), Proteins (channels, carriers, receptors, etc.)
18. List the major ways substances can move through the plasma membrane. → Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport, Osmosis, Filtration, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Carrier-mediated transport
19. What are the three types of tonicity? → Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
20. What are the two major processes of protein synthesis? → Transcription, Translation
21. What are the four stages of mitosis? → Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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Word Parts
1. "Intra-" means within → Example: Intracellular
2. "Inter-" means between → Example: Intercellular
3. "Iso-" means equal → Example: Isotonic
4. "Hypo-" means under → Example: Hypotonic
5. "Hyper-" means above → Example: Hypertonic
6. "-some" means body → Examples: Ribosome, Lysosome
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Mastery Learning Activity
What is the study of body structure? → Anatomy
What is composed of two or more tissues that perform a function? → Organ
Which systems regulate and control body functions? → Nervous and Endocrine systems
What is the study of body functions? → Physiology
Which mechanism maintains homeostasis? → Negative feedback
What describes water movement across membranes? → Osmosis
What describes a solution that causes cell shrinking? → Hypertonic
What moves substances against a gradient using energy? → Active transport
What is endocytosis? → Process of a cell engulfing substances
What is exocytosis? → Release of substances from a cell
What transports water-soluble substances through a membrane? → Facilitated diffusion or active transport (via carrier proteins/channels)
What structures help move the cell? → Cilia, Flagellum, Microtubules (as part of cytoskeleton)
What structures increase surface area? → Microvilli, Folds (e.g., in mitochondria or plasma membrane)
What synthesizes proteins? → Ribosome
15. What stores and modifies proteins? → The Golgi apparatus stores and modifies proteins before they are distributed to their final destinations.
What structures detoxify harmful substances? → The smooth endoplasmic reticulum detoxifies various metabolites and is also involved in lipid synthesis. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances, playing a crucial role in cellular metabolism.
16. What are threadlike structures that help maintain shape? → Cytoskeleton filaments provide structural support and help maintain the cell's shape.
Microvilli: These finger-like projections on the surface of epithelial cells dramatically increase the surface area for absorption.
17. What are hair-like projections on the cell surface? → These structures are known as cilia or flagella, which assist in movement and sensing the environment.
18. What organelle produces energy? → Mitochondria: Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, they convert glucose and oxygen into usable energy in the form of ATP.
19. What organelle digests cellular debris? →Lysosome: Contains enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Ribosome: Synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.
20. What system transports oxygen and nutrients? →The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.