Air & Space Power: The ability to take advantage of air and space to move people, cargo, and information.

Emperor Shun: "_________________________ donn[ed] the work clothes of a bird."

Kei Kung: Chinese god of Thunder and Lightning:

Ki-Kung-Shi: This man supposedly built a flying chariot.

Kite: At about 500 BC, the Chinese invented this:

Gunpowder: About 900 AD, the Chinese invented ______________.

Rockets: By 1100, the Chinese were using gunpowder to power simple _____________.

Wan Hoo: A legendary account of ___________________ tells the story of a man who strapped 47 rockets to a chair and attempted to fly to the moon.

Daedulus and Icarus: ________________________ built wings from wax and feathers to escape from King Minos of Crete.

Leonardo da Vinci: Great Italian artist, architect, painter, and man of science made the first experiments on the field of aviation. 1452-1519

Ornithopter: An aircraft propelled by flapping wings, designed by Leonardo da Vinci.

Torricelli, Von Guericke, and Pascal: These three men made discoveries in the study of the atmosphere such as the fact that the atmosphere is a fluid, atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the invention of the barometer, and the invention of the air pump.

Francesco de Lana: a Jesuit priest who wrote a proposal for an aerial ship, which was, in theory, close to the right idea of hot air balloons. he also discussed the need for ballast, controlled ascent and descent, and military uses for balloons.

Laurenco de Gusmao: A Jesuit priest credited with the invention of the hot air balloon in 1709.

1766: Henry Cavendish discovered a gas, now called hydrogen, that he called "flammable air."

Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier: Two papermakers from Annonay, France who first achieved manned flight.

June 5, 1783: First flight by the Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon.

November 21, 1783: The Montgolfier brothers' second flight with a sheep, a rooster, and a duck inside the balloon.

Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes: First men to fly in a lighter-than-air aircraft over Paris, France.

August 27, 1793: JAC Charles used hydrogen to float a hot air balloon.

December 1, 1783: First manned flight in a hydrogen balloon.

76: Between 1783 and 1790, _____ Flights were recorded in France alone.

1793: France formed an air arm to their Army, beginning to use balloons for reconnaissance.

1797, Andre-Jacques Garnerin: The first parachute jump from 3000 feet.

January 7, 1785: Jean Pierre Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries flew across the English Channel.

November 10, 1798: Jeanne-Genevieve Garnerin, wife of Andre-Jacques Garnerin, became one of the earliest women to fly in a balloon.

October 12, 1799: Jeanne-Genevieve Garnerin became the first woman to parachute from a balloon.

Madeleine Sophie Blanchard: The first woman to be killed in a ballooning accident in 1819.

January 9, 1793: First balloon flight in the United States

Thaddeus S. C. Lowe: Organized Balloon Signal Service of the Union Army.

Dirigible: lighter than air aircraft that can be steered and propelled.

Henri Giffard: 1852, he is credited for inventing the first successful dirigible.

The LaFrance: The first airship powered by electric motors, built by Charles Renard and AC Krebs in 1884.

Paul Haenlein: In 1872, he built a dirigible with an internal-combustion engine.

Santos Dumont: The first man to build and fly gasoline-powered dirigibles.

Ferdinand von Zeppelin: July 1900, this man built and flew the world's first rigid dirigible, the LZ-1, with a steel/aluminum framework.

The Deutschland: The LZ-7, the world's first commerical airship on June 22,

Absolute Charging: Occurs when the whole aircraft is charged.

Acceleration: When a body is subjected to the application of force over time.

Ace: A pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft.

Active Communications Satellite: A satellite, such as the Courier 1B, that received signals from ground stations, amplified them and then rebroadcasted the signals to receiving stations on Earth

Advection: Lateral heat transfer that is important in the global circulation of air.

Advection Fog: Fog formed when wind blows moist air over a cold surface and the surface cools the air to its dew-point temperature.

Aeronaut: Balloonist

Aeronautics: The science and art of flying through the atmosphere.

Aerospace: A compound term used to describe the atmosphere and space as one medium.

Ailerons: Small flaps on the wings of aircraft that help control the plane.

Airfoil: Parts of an airplane, such as wings, tail surfaces, and propellers, designed to cause a dynamic reaction from the air through which it moves.

Airframe Rocket System: Serves to contain the other systems and to provide a streamlined shape

Air Pump: Invented by Torricelli, Von Geuricke, and Pascal to study vacuums

Airspeed Indicator: Informs the pilot of the speed through the air in terms of miles per hour and/or knots

Air Superiority: Complete Command of the Air

Air Traffic Control: Concerned with keeping aircraft safely separated to prevent accidents.

Airways: Three-dimensional highways in the sky and another subdivision of controlled airspace.

Alto: Middle altitude clouds where the stratus and cumulus shapes are found and called altostratus and altocumulus.

Altimeter: Aneroid barometer that reads in feet altitude and is calibrated to atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury.

Angle of Attack: The angle creates by the pilot during takeoff (the angle of the chord line and the oncoming relative wind).

Anorthosite: The most common rock on the moon composed almost entirely of one mineral: feldspar.

Apogee: The point in the orbital trajectory of flight path where the orbiting body is most distant from the body being orbited.

Area Navigation (RNAV): A computer-controlled navigation system that uses VOR-type radio stations or GPS as reference points, but allows the pilot or navigator to fly directly form the airport of origin to the destination airport without following airways.

Asteroids: Rocky and Metallic objects orbiting the sun but are too small to be considered planets.

Atmosphere: Sometimes called "an ocean of air surrounding the earth" or " a gaseous covering." A gaseous fluid that reacts to any force.

Atomizing: One phase of the combustion process.

Attitude Indicator: gyroscopic instrument that provides an artificial horizon to the pilot.

Aurora Australis: Colored lights, which appear in the Southern Latitudes.

Aurora Borealis: Northern lights. The visible emissions from the polar magnetic storms which produce sporadic radiant emissions form the upper atmosphere over the middle and high latitudes.

Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS): A voice recording of a tower controller that tells the pilot about the wind, clouds, visibility, and any other restrictions that the runways may have.

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF): Another type of radio receiver used to determine direction, but does not provide as much information as the VOR.

Ballast: A heavy substance for controlling ascent.

Ballistics: The study of the arc of a nonorbiting body.

Barnstormers: Ex-military aviators who flew war-surplus aircraft around the country, circling over a village or small town to attract attention and landing nearby to offer rides to individuals and put on exhibitions. They also called themselves "the flying circus."

Barometer: Measures the pressure of the atmosphere.

Basalt: A hard, heavy, dark grey rock with tiny holes from which gas has escaped.

Bernoulli's Principle: "As a fluid's speed increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases." Thus, the pressure on top of an airfoil must be less than the pressure below.

Bipropellant: The oxidizer is stored in one container and the fuel in another.

Black Hole: Probably began as a large star that exhausted its nuclear fuel and collapsed inward on itself resulting in gravity so strong that nothing is allowed to leave it.

Blitzkrieg: Lightning war devised by Germans.

Bombers: Large, long-range aircraft with a mission to reach into the enemy's homeland and destroy the ability to wage war.

Burnout Velocity: The velocity that is required to place a spacecraft on its intended trajectory that is attained when the rocket ceases to produce thrust.

Business Aircraft: 78% are single- and piston-engine aircraft and 21% and twin- and piston-engine aircraft

Buzz Bomb: Bomb that produced a unique sound caused by a pulsejet engine mounted in a "stovepipe" above the fuselage.

Cambered: Curved upper surface on a wing to increase lift

Canards: Horizontal surfaces forward of the main wings and are used for trim and control.

Catalyst: A substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, but undergoes no permanent chemical change itself.

Centrifugal Force: A force moving or directed away from the center of rotation, which is a factor that affects the circulation of wind or air.

Chemical Propulsion System: Involves mixing and burning of a chemical fuel and a chemical oxidizer to produce the hot, expanding gases needed to produce thrust.

Chemosphere: An important region due to a number of important photochemical (radiant energy and chemical) reactions which occur.

Chord: An imaginary line which connects the leading edge with the trailing edge of an airfoil.

Circular Orbit: An orbit that maintains a virtually constant altitude above the Earth's surface.

Chromosphere: Above the photosphere, this sphere of color extends to about 15,000 miles.

Cirrus Clouds: Thin, wispy, lacy clouds at high altitudes.

Cislunar Space: The space between the earth and the moon.

Clear Air Turbulence (CAT): May exist at different places and altitudes but be completely invisible.

Cold Front: When a cold air mass replaces a warmer air mass, the boundary is called a cold front.

Cold Welding: When moving parts fit with only a tiny air space kept between them. In a vacuum, the tiny amount of air which kept them separated escapes and they weld together.

Combustion Chamber: A chamber or cylinder-like assembly in a rocket engine, jet engine, or the like where the propellant is exploded.

Comet: A small, irregularly shaped body whose tiny nucleus is composed of water, ice, rock, and frozen gases.

Compression Wave: A type of shock wave that is formed when the air must move aside as a leading edge passes.

Condensation: To change to a denser form as from a gas to a liquid.

Conduction: Heating by direct contact.

Conic Projection: A type of map formed by projecting the surface on the earth on the surface of the cone and unrolling this to a plane surface on which the parallels of latitude are then concentric circles and the meridians equally spaced radii.

Continental Air Mass: A dry air mass.

Control Rocket System: The system that carries out whatever the rocket's guidance system dictates should be done.

Controlled Airspace: Airspace that has several subdivisions and is shown on aeronautical charts.

Convection: Heat transfer by vertical motion.

Conventional: Landing gear consisting of two wheels forward of the aircraft's center of gravity and a small, third wheel at the tail.

Coriolis Effect: Rotation of the Earth influences any object moving over its surface such as the atmosphere in motion.

Corona: A division of the Sun's atmosphere known as the crown. An enormous area of faint white light that visibly extends from the Sun's surface.

Cosmic Rays: Rays of extremely short wave length and great penetrating power, which bombard the Earth from beyond its atmosphere.

Cowling: Removable metal covering that houses the engine and sometimes also a portion of the fuselage of the aircraft.

Crater: A depression caused by the impact of a meteorite.

Cumulus Clouds: Piled up lower altitude clouds that look "Bumpy."

Cyclone: A Hurricane that occurs in the Indian Ocean.

Dead Reckoning: Involves the systematic consideration of all factors that will and could affect flight.

Density: How many molecules of air are squeezed into a given volume.

Density Impulse: Another measure of a propellant's thrust according to volume involved.

Dew Point: The temperature at or below which water vapor will condense.

Differential Charging: Occurs when part of a spacecraft gets charged and has a different charge than another part of the aircraft.

Dirigibles: Rigid airships like large balloons. A lighter-than-air craft that can be propelled and steered.

Drag: A slowing force acting on a body moving through air, parallel and opposite the to the direction of motion.

Drag Devices: Devices such as speed breaks, air brakes, dive flaps, or drag parachutes used to produce a significant amount of drag without affecting the airfoil's lift.

Earth's Gravitational Field: A region associated with any distribution of mass in which gravitational forces due to that mass may be detected

Elevator: Control surface that is responsible for pitch.

Elliptical Orbit: Any closed orbit that is not circular.

Encroachment: The noise factor or any other considerations at airports that might intrude on the neighboring communities.

Engine Instruments: Keep the pilot aware of how his thrust-producing device is operating.

Equatorial Orbit: The orbit a satellite travels from west to east over the Earth's equator.

Escape Trajectory: A spacecraft must accelerate to its escape velocity which causes the velocity of the spacecraft to be so high and the inertia so great that the spacecraft comes under the influence of another body's gravity before it reaches its apogee.

Escape Velocity: The speed at which an object is able to overcome the gravitational pull of the earth.

Evaporation: The process by which liquid water molecules change to a gas or vapor state and enter the Earth's atmosphere.

Evaporation Fog: Steam that occurs when cold air moves over warm water; the water's normal evaporation process saturates the cooler air with water vapor, and the dew point is reached.

Exosphere: The top of the atmosphere above the Heterosphere. Known as the "region of escape."

Expansion Wave: A shock wave that is formed when the air must fill back in as the trailing edge passes.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): The United States Government agency, which is responsible for regulating air commerce.

Fixed-Base Operation (FBO): A service station for airplanes.

Fixed Landing Gear: Usually on less expensive, smaller airplanes because it is much less costly to build and maintain.

Flaps: Attached to the trailing edge of the wing. When cruising, the flaps simply continue the streamlined shape of the wing's airfoil.

Flight Instruments: Inform the pilot of the altitude, the airspeed, and the attitude of the aircraft.

Flight Service Station (FSS): Provides all types of weather information for pilots.

Fog: A large mass of water vapor condensed to fine particles, at or just above the earth's surface.

Force: The cause of motion. Power or energy exerted against an object in a given direction.

Form Drag: The shape of the aircraft that creates drag.

Forward-Swept Wings: Wings sweeping which goes back more than 100 years. The design needed to be structurally stronger in high-speed flight.

Fracto: A combining term which means broken and/or ragged.

Free Fall: The motion of a body in space when the only force acting on it is that of a gravitational field.

Freezing Level: May be around 15,000 feet during summer and perhaps as low as 1,000 feet above ground level on warm winter days.

Friction Drag: Caused by the friction of air particles rubbing against the parts of an airplane.

Frost: a feathery deposit of minute ice crystals or grains upon a surface or object, formed directly from vapor in the air.

Fuel System: Includes everything that involves delivery of fuel to the engine including fuel tanks and fuel lines.

Fuselage: The basic structure of the airplane to which all the other parts are attached.

Galaxy: A grouping of billions of stars apparently merging into a luminous band that extends across the sky.

Geostationary Orbit: An orbit stationed above one point on Earth's surface.

Global Positioning System (GPS): Consists of about 24 satellites in orbit around the Earth, several ground tracking stations, and a receiver in the aircraft.

Graviation: The term used to describe the force of attraction that exists between all matter within the universe.

Gravity: When gravitation involves Earth and a body or mass on or near the Earth.

Great Circle: Any circle on the Earth's surface that is made by a plane crossing through the Earth's center.

Grid System (Graticule): A system of coordinates that involves numbers across the top and letters down the left side. The Earth graticule uses 18 primary great circles going north-south and parallel small circles and two poles going east-west.

Ground Speed: A measure of how fast the aircraft is going across the surface of the Earth. This is important in determining how long it will take to get from a start point to the destination.

Guidance Rocket System: A self-contained electronic unit that employs a computer and an inertial platform and may also have a star-tracking unit for space navigation.

Gyroscopic Stability: A spinning flat weight that tends to line up on one of its axes. That axis is the one perpendicular to the face of the weight. Once the weight is aligned on the axis, it will remain there.

Hail: Pellets or lumps of frozen rain or snow sometimes precipitated during a thunderstorm.

Hangar: A garage for airplanes which protects it from weather damage.

Haze: A concentration of water vapor, lighter than fog or clouds, but thick enough to reduce visibility.

Heat: The sum total energy of all moving molecules within a substance.

Helium Gas: A very light inert gas used to inflate airships.

Hemisphere: Half-sphere

Heterosphere: Begins at about 55 to 60 miles in altitude where the molecules and atoms of the gases are spaced much farther apart. At this level, gravity influences the gases according to mass with the heaviest found in the lower part and the lighter gases found in the upper part.

High-Inversion Fog: A low cloud fog formed by condensation of water vapor at or near the top of cool air that is covered by a warmer air layer.

Hohmann Transfer: Minimum energy transfer that was developed by a German engineer named Walter Hohmann and is a practical method of space maneuver to this day.

Homosphere: Extends from Earth's surface up to an altitude of about 60 miles. That region in which the gaseous composition and mixing are relatively constant.

Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air.

Hydraulic Systems: May operate the brakes, lower the landing gear, move the flight controls, and extend and lower the flaps. The mechanical advantage of this system allows the pilot to exert great pressure on the aircraft control systems or structures.

Hydrogen Gas: Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766. A "flammable air" that is lighter than air and was first used to fill balloons.

Induced Drag: Caused by lift vector pointing in the same direction as the drag vector.

Induced Lift: Induced lower pressure on the top of the wing due to the camber.

Inertia: The force produced by the reaction of a body to an accelerating force, equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the accelerating force.

Insolation: The rate at which the Earth's surface is heated by solar radiation.

Instrument Landing System (ILS): Is used only within a short distance from the airport and only when the purpose is to land the airplane.

Internal Navigation: A self-contained unit located within the aircraft that needs only to be programmed for a starting point and destination.

International Law: The rules generally observed and regarded as binding in the relations between states or nations.

International Treaties: Written agreements or contracts between or among nations that are legally binding to those who sign them.

Interplanetary Space: Measured from the center of the sun to the orbit of its outermost planet.

Ion: An atom that carries a positive or negative electrical charge as a result of losing or gaining one or more electrons.

Ionosphere: Received at stations far away from the broadcasting station. An outer region of the atmosphere that consists of layers of ionized air particles.

Jet Stream: A comparatively narrow current of air which moves around the Northern (and Southern) Hemisphere of the earth in wavelike patterns. Compared to a "river" of wind moving at high speed.

Joined Wings: An aircraft with its main wing swept upward and backward connected at the tips to the rearward wing which would be swept forward and downward, resembling the shape of a diamond.

Jupiter: The fifth planet from the Sun and by far the largest planet in our solar system.

KREEP: A rock found on the moon which has not been found on Earth.

Kuiper Belt: A ring of celestial bodies billions of miles beyond Neptune.

Laminar Air Flow: Smooth flow pattern of air around an object.

Lateral Axis: An imaginary line that runs from one wingtip through the fuselage and exits the other wingtip. Also called the pitch axis.

Latitude: Planes of the Equator that are parallel small circles and two poles.

Leading Edge: The edge that meets relative wind first.

Leeward: The part or side of an object (such as a mountain) that is sheltered from the wind or is farthest from the source of the wind and is usually dry.

Lenticular: Clouds that have a lens-like shape (double convex) and usually form in the mountains.

Light Year: The distance a photon can travel in one of Earth's calendar years.

Liquid Propellants: A propellant in a liquid state which may be bipropellant or monopropellant.

Long Haul Jets: Commercial jet airliners such as the Douglas DC-8 and the Convair 880 and 990.

Lift: The upward force that opposes the pull of gravity.

Lighter-Than-Air: A concept that must be met to achieve flight. Balloonists were first to develop the concept.

Longitude: The 18 primary great circles going north-south.

Longitudinal: Front to back of an aircraft. (roll)

Mach Number: Determined by Ernst Mach as being the speed of sound through a medium.

Magnetic Course: The course according to the magnetic compass heading or direction. The difference between magnetic north and true north must be subtracted from or added to the true-course direction. Otherwise, the airplane will not follow the true course drawn on the chart.

Magnetic Storms: Characterized by a sudden onset of radiation bursts in which the magnetic field undergoes marked changes in the course of an hour or less.

Magnetosphere: The region of the Earth's atmosphere where ionized gas plays a big part in the dynamics of the atmosphere and where the geomagnetic field plays an important role.

Manned Spacecraft: Spacecraft carrying one or more human beings.

Maritime Air Mass: A humid air mass.

Mars: The fourth planet in our solar system that is also called the Red Planet because it appears as a small reddish light when viewed with the naked eye.

Mass: The amount of material in an object

Mechanical Instruments: Instruments that work by means of direct mechanical linkage (such as a gear attached directly to the engine to give a reading on how fast the engine is operating) or on the principle of the gyroscope.

Mercator Projection: Maps in which the earth's surface is shown as a rectangle, with the meridians as parallel straight lines spaced at equal intervals and the parallels of latitude as parallel straight lines intersecting the meridians at right angles but spaced further apart as their distance from the equator increases. The areas become increasingly distorted toward the poles.

Mesosphere: A region of the atmosphere starting at 30 miles up to about 50 miles altitude.

Meteoroid: Any of the small, solid bodies traveling through outer space.

Microburst: Caused when a column of air is quickly cooled (usually by rain) and rapidly falls toward the Earth.

Missile: A rocket-propelled vehicle with a weapon or warhead as the payload.

Mission-adaptive Wings: The wing changes to create its most efficient shape for a variety of conditions.

Modular Air Turbulence: Air vehicles from different aircraft sections that allow the airplane to do different missions. This mixing and matching of sections allows the vehicle to meet the needs of country defense.

Momentum: The product of mass and velocity

Mojave Airspace Ventures: Winners of the x-prize

Monocoque: French word meaning single shell. It depends on the covering or skin to provide the required strength to resist the stresses of flight.

Monopropellant: Liquid oxidizer and fuel existing together in the same storage tank.

Moon Dust: A fine dust that covers the surface of the moon.

Moon Rocks: Rocks on the moon that have remained exposed on the lunar surface for periods as long as 500 million years without being destroyed.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): A government organization with a threefold mission. First, to explore, use, and enable the development of space for human enterprise. Second, to advance scientific knowledge and understanding of the Earth, the solar system and the universe and use the environment of space for research. Third, research, develop, verify and transfer advanced aeronautics, space and related technologies. (Founded July 29th, 1958)

Navigation Instruments: Help the pilot find the way from the point of departure to the destination.

Nebulae: Any of several dark or bright misty, cloudlike patches seen in the night sky, consisting of groups of stars too far away to be seen singly.

Neptune: The outermost of the gas planets and the fourth largest planet in the solar system. It is eighth in distance from the Sun.

Neutrosphere: In this region, there is little ionization compared to that which takes place in the ionosphere.

New Horizons: An unmanned space probe launched toward Pluto in 2006.

Newtons First Law: States that a body in a state of rest and a body in motion tend to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by some outside force.

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation: States that two bodies attract each other with a force directly proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Newton's Second Law: States that the rate of change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body and is in the direction of the force.

Newton's Third Law: For every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction.

Nimbo: The combining term to indicate that a cloud is at the moment producing precipitation or is capable of producing precipitation.

Noise Abatement: Usually involve a very quick climb by the aircraft after takeoff. Also, the aircraft might try not to fly over certain areas on the ground.

Nova: Stars that are not stable; they flare, subside, and flare again.

Nozzle: On a rocket, a "bell-shaped" duct that allows the escaping exhaust to expand thereby lowering its pressure.

Non-coplaner Transfer: A transfer that does not occur in the same plane because Earth satellites are at many different altitudes and at various angles to the equator.

Oblique-Winged Aircraft: This aircraft wing changes form during flight for optimum lift under different circumstances and can be rotated to different positions for the best aerodynamic characteristics.

Occluded Front: When a warm air mass, lying between two cold air masses, is lifted up by the cold air mass behind it. The rapidly lifted warm air cools and creates a low and severe precipitation can sometimes occur.

Opportunity: A Mars rover.

Orbits: Paths described by one body in its revolution about another body.

Ornithopter: Flying machines that are kept aloft and propelled by flapping wings, described first by Leonardo da Vinci.

Outgassing: Bubbles escaping from a spacecraft which can cause damage to delicate sensors and lenses.

Oxidation: The combination of oxygen with another substance.

Oxidizer: Either another chemical compound or maybe oxygen in pure form

Ozonosphere: A special region of the atmosphere that performs the very important function of shielding us from ultraviolet and infrared radiation that could be fatal.

Particulate Matter: Dust and very small particles of matter.

Passenger Terminal: Designed to handle passengers, baggage, and cargo. Most have large waiting rooms for passengers to relax as well as places to eat, purchase tickets, and rent cars.

Passive Communications Satellites: Those satellites, such as Echo I, that does nothing more than to reflect radio and television signals.

Payload: Whatever the rocket is carrying.

Performance Instruments: Tells how the aircraft has responded to commands.

Perigee: The opposite of apogee - that point where the orbiting body is closest to the body being orbited.

Photosphere: The portion of the Sun which gives light. It is composed of mostly hydrogen and helium and is very hot.

Pilotage: Navigating by reference to visible landmarks.

Pluto: The outermost planet of the solar system, discovered in 1930, ninth in distance from the Sun.

Polar Air Mass: A cold air mass. 15 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Polar Magnetic Storms: Solar disturbances observable only in the polar areas.

Polar Orbit: Involves a path that crosses or nearly crosses the North and South Poles during each orbit.

Precipitation: When visible water falls in the form of rain, sleet, snow, and hail.

Pressure: Air at higher altitudes is under less pressure than air at lower altitudes. Standard day pressure is 14.7 psi, or 29.92 on a mercury barometer. All air molecules pressing down upon all the molecules below them. Pressure is exerted in all directions with a given volume of air.

Standard Pressure: 14.7 PSI or 29.92 on a Mercury Barometer.

Pressure Gradient: The rate of pressure increase or decrease on any atmospheric plane, usually a horizontal plane, for any given distance.

Pressure Instruments: Uses the principle that pressure decreases with height to tell the pilot about the performance of the aircraft.

Prime Meridian: Te great circle line that passes from the North Pole to the South through Greenwich, England.

Probes: Satellites or spacecraft that either fly by, orbit or land on a celestial body, other than Earth.

Progressive Burn Rate: An instantaneous spread of the flame-front along the entire surface of the hole and as more and more surface area is exposed by burning, more and more thrust is produced.

Propellant: The oxidizer and reducer which propel the rocket.

Propfan System: Combines the air-moving efficiency of the turbofan engine with the thrusting efficiency of the propeller causing a dramatic reduction in fuel consumption while retaining the turbofan's high power and the speed it makes possible.

Propulsion Rocket System: Includes the propellant used, the containers for the propellant, all plumbing that may be required to get the propellant from the containers to the engine, and the rocket engine itself.

Pulsar: Known as a pulsating star because it flashes electromagnetic emissions (radio or other waves) in a set pattern.

Pure Jet: A jet using a type of propulsion where all of the thrust is provided by the jet exhaust. 16 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Radar: Radio detecting and ranging by means of emitting radio signals and observing and analyzing the minute signals reflected from an object to detect range, bearing, and other characteristics of the object.

Radiation: Energy radiated in the form of waves or particles such as the heat energy of the sun that reaches Earth.

Radial: Each degree line, in a 360-degree circle, extending away from the site.

Radiation Fog: Fog that forms at night when land surfaces radiate much of the heat absorbed from the sun back into space.

Ramjet Engine: The simplest type of all-jet engines because it has no moving parts. The force of inertia "rams" air into a streamlined chamber where it is compressed slowed down, mixed with fuel, ignited, and released.

Ramp: A large paved area for parking airplanes.

Reaction Engine: A rocket engine where the action of the rocket's exhaust gases produces a reaction, forcing the rocket in the opposite direction.

Reciprocating Engine: Certain parts of the engine move back and forth in straight-line motion. This straight-line motion has to be changed to rotary motion for turning the propeller of an airplane.

Reconnaissance Aircraft: Aircraft used by the military to watch an enemy or potential enemy in order to keep track of what they are doing.

Reducer: The substance to be oxidized.

Regressive Burn Rate: The most thrust is produced shortly after ignition, and it diminishes thereafter.

Relative Humidity: The method used to tell you the amount of water vapor that can still enter an air mass before it becomes saturated.

Relative Wind: Opposite the flight path and impacts the airfoil at any angle to the chord line.

Retractable Gear: Landing gear that retracts in order to get them out of the airstream and thereby reduce drag.

Retrothrust: Negative thrust (moving down from a higher to a lower orbit require negative thrust).

Rille: One of several long, narrow telescopic valleys on the surface of the moon. 17 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Rocket: Operates on the same principle as the firework rocket, consisting of a combustion chamber and an exhaust nozzle, that carries either liquid or solid propellants which provide the fuel and oxygen needed for combustion. A type of power plant that is used to propel something (payload).

Rotary Engine: An air-cooled engine with the cylinders arranged in a round fashion. The crankshaft was fastened solidly to the airframe and allowed the engine and the attached propeller to spin around the fixed crankshaft.

Rotary Wing Aircraft: A large rotor (propeller) on top of a helicopter, which is made up of a number of blades, each like a wing, and as the rotor whirls, the blades move through the air causing, lift.

Rotor Blades: The airfoils in the rotor of a rotary-wing aircraft.

Rudder: A control surface that controls yaw (left and right movement) of an airplane.

Runway Designations: Runways are identified by a number which corresponds to a compass direction rounded to the nearest 10 degrees.

Satellites: A man-made object or vehicle intended to orbit Earth, the moon, or other celestial body for the transmission of space data.

Saturation: When the air is holding the maximum amount of water vapor for the existing temperature and pressure.

Saturn: The second largest planet in the solar system and the sixth from the Sun. Known for its famous rings.

Scintillation: The twinkling of the stars.

Semimonocoque: A fuselage structure that uses internal braces to help the skin carry the forces generated.

Shock Wave: The sudden displacement of air and the resulting wedge-shaped wave formed by the air.

Short Haul Jets: Smaller jets such as the Boeing 727 and the DC-9.

Slats: Protrusions from the leading edge of a wing that, when combined with the flaps, result in a significant increase in lift.

Small Circle: Any circle other than a great circle.

Smoke: The vaporous matter arising from something burning and made visible by minute particles of carbon suspended in it.

Solar Flares: A sudden and temporary outburst of energy from a small area of the sun's surface. 18 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Solar Radiation: A process which causes evaporation by heating the oceans and large bodies of water.

Solar Winds: Steady electromagnetic emissions that are an extension of the Sun's corona into interplanetary space.

Solid Propellant: A propellant in a solid state which is less costly and more reliable than the liquid type.

Sound Barrier: The speed sound travels through air. Before 1947, it was believed that the speed of sound created a physical barrier for aircraft and pilots.

Sounding Rocket: A rocket sent into, or even beyond the atmosphere, on a one-way trip to gather information.

Space: A place which extends infinitely in all directions and contains all the stars, planets, and galaxies in the universe.

Specific Impulse: The number of pounds of thrust delivered by consuming one pound of propellant (oxidizer/fuel mixture) in one second.

Speed of Sound: How fast sound travels through a medium such as air. The speed of sound in air is about 761 mph when the air temperature is 59 degrees F.

Spin Stabilization: The ability of a projectile to be steadied in flight by a rotating motion about its longitudinal axis.

Spirit: A Mars rover.

Spoiler: A device used to destroy lift. Found on top of the wing and in varying sizes.

Stabilizer: Located on the tail with the horizontal stabilizer having the elevators attached and the vertical stabilizer having the rudder attached.

Stall: Separation between the streamlines and the airfoil causing loss of lift producing low-pressure on the top of the wing.

Stationary Front: When air masses lose their "punch" and are not replacing one another.

Stratosphere: A region where temperature goes up with increase in altitude, beginning at 10 miles above the Earth and going to about 30 miles up.

Stratus Clouds: Clouds that stretch out/or cover as a layer.

Sublimation: Happens when water molecules leave the frozen (solid) state and directly enter the atmosphere without first changing into a liquid.

Sunspots: Any of the dark spots sometimes seen on the surface of the sun. 19 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Sunsynchronous Orbit: A polar orbit that keeps a satellite exposed to constant sunlight.

Supernova: Occurs when a star gives up great mass in one giant explosion of light and energy.

Supersonic: Relating to speeds from one to five times the speed of sound in air.

Tachometer: An instrument that shows how fast the engine's crankshaft is turning (expressed in rpm).

Tail (empennage): Consists of the horizontal stabilizer and the vertical stabilizer.

Tandem: Landing gear in an arrangement where the main gear consists of two sets of wheels, which are, located one behind the other on the fuselage.

Taxiways: The roads that aircraft use to get to the runway.

Temperature: The measure of the energy within a gas.

The Milky Way: The galaxy in which we reside, along with about 100 billion other solar systems and stars.

Thermosphere: A region of the atmosphere that begins at 50 miles up and extends outward to about 300 miles.

Thrust: The force exerted through the propeller shaft of an airplane due to reaction of the air on the revolving blades of the propeller and that moves the craft ahead.

Thrust Vectoring: Allows the thrust force to be pointed in any direction to assist lift, reduce the chance to stall, or allow the aircraft to fly at extremely high angles of attack and very slowly.

Thunderstorm: Any storm accompanied by thunder and lightning.

Total Velocity Requirement: Represents adding together of all the velocity requirements for all stages of the mission.

Trailing Edge: The thin junction where the upper and lower surfaces come together at the rear of the wing.

Trajectories: The curved paths of objects hurtling through space.

Tricycle: Consists of three wheels, which make an airplane very easy to control on the ground.

Tropical Air Mass: A hot air mass. 20 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Troposphere: That region in which people live, work, play, and fly, extending from the Earth's surface to about 10 miles above the Earth at the equator.

True Airspeed: A measure of how fast the airplane is flying through the air.

True Course: What the navigator indicates as the course the airplane will follow. This might include consideration of radio navigation stations, landforms such as mountains, or prohibited airspace.

Truss: A type of fuselage that is made of tubing welded in place to form a well-braced framework.

Turbine Engines: Use the force of hot flowing gases striking a turbine.

Turbofan Engine: Similar to turbojets except more air is pulled into the turbofan engine, they are much quieter, and more fuel-efficient. The limitations are speed and poor low altitude performance.

Turboprop Jets: A type of jet propulsion in which the gas turbine is fastened to a propeller that is used to propel the aircraft.

Turbulence: Air that flows over the wing's surface and scrapes against the rough metal and is slowed down and churned up.

Turn and Slip Indicator: The turn indicator indicates the direction and rate of turn and the ball in the glass tube (inclinometer) indicates the quality of the turn.

Typhoon: A hurricane that occurs in the western Pacific.

Ultralights: Small, lightweight aircraft, which began as, powered hang gliders.

Uncontrolled Airports: Airports with no control tower where the pilots must use common procedures to reduce the chances of collisions on the ground and in the air.

Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV): Small, pilot-less aircraft that perform missions, which do not require a pilot on board or which, are considered too dangerous or politically unwise for manned flight.

Unmanned Spacecraft: Research devices designed to add to our knowledge of the atmosphere and space.

Upslope Fog: Fog that results when wind carries moist air up a mountain slope or sloping land until the air is cooled.

Uranus: The third largest planet in the solar system, seventh in distance from the Sun. 21 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Useful Load: Subtract the empty weight from the maximum allowable weight from the maximum allowable weight to find how many pounds may be loaded into the airplane.

Vacuum: Completely empty space.

Vectors: A graphic mathematical illustration showing both direction and magnitude.

Velocity: The rate at which a body moves when a force is applied to it.

Vengeance Weapons: Two World War II German weapons called the V-1 and V-2. V-1 was nicknamed "buzz bomb" and V-2 was a rocket-propelled ballistic missile.

Vertical Axis: An imaginary line that passes vertically through the meeting point of the longitudinal and lateral axes and is also called the yaw axis.

Vertical-Takeoff-and-Landing (VTOL): A method by which an aircraft can achieve forward flight, like a conventional aircraft, but can also takeoff and land without any horizontal movement at all.

Vertical Velocity Indicator: Tells the pilot at what rate (in feet per minute) the airplane is climbing or descending.

Viscosity: A fluid's resistance to flow

Viscous Drag: When an object is placed in the path of moving air and the mutual attraction of molecules slows the rate of flow. This is transmitted to other air molecules that are actually touching the surface over which they are flowing.

Vortices: Form around the wingtips of an airplane and described as horizontal tornadoes. Strong swirling air currents.

Warm Front: When a warm air mass replaces a cold air mass, the boundary is called a warm front.

Wave Drag: Result of lost energy when air flows across a shock wave and undergoes a change in temperature, pressure, and velocity.

Wave Rider: A hypersonic or supersonic vehicle that has an attached shock wave along its leading fuselage edge. The vehicle appears to be riding its own shock wave.

Weather: The day-to-day changes in atmospheric conditions.

Weight: Force that directly opposes lift.

Windshear: An atmospheric condition in which changes in speed and direction of the wind occur. 22 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Wind Triangle: A tool used by the pilot to figure out where wind drift will cause the aircraft to fly over the ground. It can also be used to counter the effect of drift.

Wind Tunnel: A device used in the design and development of virtually all aircraft flying today.

Windward: Slopes of mountains that face the wind and are usually moistened with rain or snow.

Wing: Primary source of lift with ailerons attached.

Winglets: Small wings placed in a vertical position at the end of the wings to eliminate the vortices and improve the efficiency of the wing.

X-Prize: The prize awarded for a non-government organization spacecraft flying into space and returning within two weeks.

George Cayley: Identified the Four Forces of Flight and built the first successful full-sized glider in 1850.

Alphonse Penaud: Developed a rubber-band system to power helicopter rotors.

Clement Ader: Built the first manned aircraft to take off from level ground under its own power (1890).

Francis H. Wenham: Became the first person to build a wind tunnel to test various wing shapes (1871).

Otto Lilienthal: The "Father of Modern Aviation."

Octave Chanute.: Performed gliding experiments on the sand dunes around Lake Michigan (1896).

Samuel Pierpont Langley: In 1896, he successfully built a steam-powered model that flew for 3/4 of a mile before it ran out of fuel. He then set out to build a full-size, man carrying aircraft.

Charles M. Manly: Langley's assistant who designed a 5-cylinder, radial engine that weighed only 125 pounds, but produced an amazing 53-horsepower.

The Wright Brothers: Built and Flew the first successful heavier-than-air aircraft.

Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge: The first man to lose his life in a powered airplane.

Glenn Curtiss: The "Fastest Man on Earth" when he set the motorcycle speed record of 136.3 mph. 23 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Aerial Experiment Association: An aircraft-building company founded by Curtiss and Alexander Graham Bell in 1907.

Eugene Ely: The first man to take off and land on the deck of a ship

Theodore Roosevelt: The first President to fly.

Calbraith Perry Rodgers: Made the first airplane crossing of the United States from coast to coast.

Harriet Quimby: America's first licensed female pilot.

Robert Esnault-Pelterie: Built a Wright-style glider in 1904 and used ailerons to replace the wing-warping technique. He also built the first fully enclosed fuselage airplane.

Alberto Santos-Dumont: Flew the first powered airplane in Europe.

Louis Bleriot: Built and flew the world's first powered monoplane in 1907.

Rheims, France: the first international air meet was held HERE on August 22-28, 1909.

Igor Sikorsky: Built the first four-engine aircraft and flew it on May 13, 1913.

Gnome: An air-cooled engine with the cylinders arranged in a radial (round) fashion designed by the Seguin Brothers.

W. H. Phillips: Built and successfully flew a model helicopter powered by steam jets at the rotor tips.

Emile and Henry Berliner: Became the first Americans to build and fly a helicopter.

Rene Fonck: French "Ace of Aces" of WWI. Shot down 75 enemy aircraft.

Eddie Rickenbacker: American "Ace of Aces" of WWI. Shot down 26 enemy aircraft.

Edward Mannock: British "Ace of Aces" of WWI. Shot down 73 enemy aircraft.

Baron Manfred von Richthofen: German "Ace of Aces" (The Red Baron). Shot down 80 enemy aircraft.

Lafayette Escadrille: WWI squadron of the French Air Service composed mostly of American volunteers.

Billy Mitchell: Commanded the first mass use of aircraft for bombing attacks on enemy supply routes and for supporting the ground troops and a strong advocate for an independent Air Force. 24 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Lieutenant Commander R. Bellinger, Commander J. Towers, and Lieutenant Commander Albert Read: Led the first successful crossing of the Atlantic in aircraft.

Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown: Crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 16 hours and 12 minutes in 1919.

Bessie Coleman: America's first licensed African-American pilot.

Ostfriesland: What ship did "Billy" Mitchell sink on July 21, 1921, with his MB-2 bombers proving airpower could be used for the coastal defense of the United States?

Lieutenant Oakley Kelly and Lieutenant John Macready: First successful non-stop flight across the Contiguous United States in 1923.

Boston, Chicago, Seattle, and New Orleans: The aircraft to make the first flight around the world in 1924.

Lieutenants Lowell Smith and J. P. Richter: In August 1923, the Army performed the first refueling of an airplane while in flight. They remained airborne for 37 hours and 15 minutes by refueling their aircraft through a 50-foot hose from another airplane.

Army Lieutenant Russell Maughan: On June 23, 1924, he flew a Curtiss PW-8 pursuit aircraft from coast-to-coast in a dawn to-dusk flight.

Pearl Harbor: What event did Billy Mitchell foretell more than 17 years before it happened?

Ralph Pulitzer: Offered a trophy to promote high-speed flight.

Lieutenant Corliss Moseley: Winner of the first Pulitzer Trophy on November 27, 1920.

Cy Bellis: Winner of the last Pulitzer Trophy in 1925.

Charles E. Thompson: Established a trophy to encourage faster land-based aircraft in 1930.

Bendix Trophy Race: A transcontinental speed race established in 1931.

Jimmy Doolittle: A winner of the Bendix Race.

Schneider Trophy Race: An annual race over open water by seaplanes established in 1913.

MC-72: In October 1934, the _____________ established a world record for seaplanes of 440.68 mph. 25 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Women's Air Derby: The first cross-country competition for women established in 1929.

Louise Thaden: First winner of the Women's Air Derby.

The "Ninety-Nines": An association of women fliers dedicated to the improvement of women's opportunities in aviation, of which Amelia Earhart was the first President.

May 15, 1918: The Post Office Department started air mail service

Washington, D.C., and New York City: The first air mail route was between__________________.

Air Mail Act of 1925: The legislation which made possible the private carrying of mail was the __________________, a law which essentially dealt with the economic regulation of the federal air system. Among other provisions in the act was one that allowed the contractor to be paid 80 percent of the air mail profits for carrying it.

May 20, 1926, the AIR COMMERCE ACT: Established the Aeronautics Branch within the Department of Commerce and provided for the first federal safety regulation of aviation for both pilots and aircraft.

J u n e 1 2 , 1 9 3 4: A new AIR MAIL ACT (1934) that changed the economic and safety regulation.

Aeronautics Act of 1938: This law combined both economic and safety regulations into one independent agency called the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA).

Charles A. Lindbergh: First person to succesfully fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in May, 1927.

Amelia Earhart: The first woman passenger to fly across the Atlantic. She gained fame as the world's greatest woman flier before her disappearance in 1937. In May 1932, she was the first woman to make a solo transatlantic flight.

June 1, 1937: Amelia Earhart and her crew disappeared

Travel Air Manufacturing Company: Formed in 1925 in Wichita, Kansas. This company was formed by Lloyd Stearman, Clyde Cessna and Walter Beech.

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA): 1915, President Woodrow Wilson formed an organization called ____________________.

James H. Doolittle: On September 24, 1929, he made the first successful "blind" takeoff and landing. 26 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Igor Sikorsky: Developed the first practical helicopter.

McNary-Watres Act/ Air Mail Act of 1930: Contractors could be paid according to the available cargo space, a bonus would be paid to operators flying multi-engine aircraft equipped with the latest instruments, and authorized the postmaster general to extend or combine air mail route.

Douglas DC-3: It was one of the most successful aircraft ever built. By 1938, it carried 95 percent of all commercial traffic in the United States, and by 1939, it was carrying 90 percent of the commercial traffic worldwide.

Pan American Clippers: Igor Sikorsky developed a larger flying boat, the S-42, which had a range of 1,200 miles. This airplane became known as the Pan American Clipper and made the first airline crossing of both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

The Hindenburg: The most famous of all Zeppelins, not because of its success but because of its failure.

May 6, 1937: The Hindenburg disaster.

July 28, 1935: The Boeing 299 (B-17) made it's first flight test.

General "Hap" Arnold: Founded the Army Air Corps training program.

Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP): Authorized in mid-1939 by the CAA. This program created a great reserve supply of pilots that could be used in a serious national emergency

Civilian Pilot Training Act of 1939: Authorized the CAA to conduct a program for training civilian pilots through existing educational institutions and to prescribe pertinent regulations.

Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.: The first African-American general in the U.S. military; he led the Tuskegee airmen through WWII.

Treaty of Versailles: Restricted Germany from developing any type of military aircraft.

Royal Air Force (RAF): The English air force.

"Blitzkrieg": A combined arms operations where the army and the air forces are used in combination with each other.

Messerschmitt BF 109: The backbone fighter of the German Air Force and was produced more than any other fighter aircraft in World War II.

September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland, beginning World War II in Europe. 27 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Luftwaffe: The German Air Force.

Manginot Line: France's massive defensive line on German border.

The Battle of Britain: An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe, which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

December 7, 1941: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

December 7, 1942: The Civil Aeronautics Administration's (CAA) Civilian Pilot Training Program became the CAA War Training Service.

Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS): 1942: Female pilots who ferried aircraft from factories and repair facilities.

June 6, 1944: D-Day; the Allied invasion of Normandy France.

P-51 Mustang: Fighter that provided long-range escort to Allied bombers an was the first aircraft to use Laminar-flow wings.

May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered in Europe.

Col. Francis "Gabby" Gabreski: WWII United States Ace with 31 kills.

Kamikaze: Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

March 9-10, 1945: The Bombing of Tokyo.

August 6, 1945: The Enola Gay drops the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on Hiroshima.

August 9, 1945: Dropping the atomic bomb "Fat man" on Nagasaki.

Axis Powers: Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

B-17: Flying Fortress: one of the most successful long-range Bombers of WWII.

B-25: US Long-range Bomber.

B-29: Superfortress: the B-17 Flying Fortress' successor.

Zero: The Japanese fighter aircraft.

P-38 Lightning: Built by Lockheed, used in WWII as an American fighter aircraft. Aircraft had twin booms (looked like 2 tails), and used in dive bombing, level bombing, ground attack, night fighting, photo reconnaissance missions and as a long-range escort fighter. Was involved throughout the entirety of WWII. 28 / 29 Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

National Security Act: On July 26, 1947, the Army Air Forces of World War II became the United States Air Force (USAF).

B-36: Peacemaker, Strategic Bomber, B-36 is the first bomber built specifically for carrying nuclear weapons. With a wingspan of 230 ft, the aircraft also holds the distinction of being the largest piston engine combat aircraft ever produced. Training missions simulating cold war missions often exceed over 40 hrs in flight. The B-36 retired having never dropped a weapon in combat.

Frank Whittle: Designed the world's first turbojet engine for use in an airplane 29 /