Air & Space Power: The ability to take advantage of air and space to move
people, cargo, and information.

Emperor Shun: "___ donn[ed] the work clothes of
a bird."

Kei Kung: Chinese god of Thunder and Lightning:

Ki-Kung-Shi: This man supposedly built a flying chariot.

Kite: At about 500 BC, the Chinese invented this:

Gunpowder: About 900 AD, the Chinese invented .

Rockets: By 1100, the Chinese were using gunpowder to power simple
_.

Wan Hoo: A legendary account of _ tells the story of a
man who strapped 47 rockets to a chair and attempted to fly to the moon.

Daedulus and Icarus: __ built wings from wax and
feathers to escape from King Minos of Crete.

10. Leonardo da Vinci: Great Italian artist, architect, painter, and man of science
    made the first experiments on the field of aviation. 1452-1519
11. Ornithopter: An aircraft propelled by flapping wings, designed by Leonardo da
    Vinci.
12. Torricelli, Von Guericke, and Pascal: These three men made discoveries
    in the study of the atmosphere such as the fact that the atmosphere is a fluid,
    atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the invention of the barometer, and
    the invention of the air pump.
13. Francesco de Lana: a Jesuit priest who wrote a proposal for an aerial ship,
    which was, in theory, close to the right idea of hot air balloons. he also discussed
    the need for ballast, controlled ascent and descent, and military uses for balloons.
14. Laurenco de Gusmao: A Jesuit priest credited with the invention of the hot air
    balloon in 1709.
15. 1766: Henry Cavendish discovered a gas, now called hydrogen, that he called
    "flammable air."
16. Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier: Two papermakers from Annonay, France
    who first achieved manned flight.
17. June 5, 1783: First flight by the Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon.
18. November 21, 1783: The Montgolfier brothers' second flight with a sheep, a
    rooster, and a duck inside the balloon.
19. Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes: First men to fly in a lighter-than-air
    aircraft over Paris, France.
20. August 27, 1793: JAC Charles used hydrogen to float a hot air balloon.
21. December 1, 1783: First manned flight in a hydrogen balloon.
22. 76: Between 1783 and 1790, _ Flights were recorded in France alone.
23. 1793: France formed an air arm to their Army, beginning to use balloons for
    reconnaissance.
24. 1797, Andre-Jacques Garnerin: The first parachute jump from 3000 feet.
25. January 7, 1785: Jean Pierre Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries flew across the
    English Channel.
26. November 10, 1798: Jeanne-Genevieve Garnerin, wife of Andre-Jacques Garnerin,
    became one of the earliest women to fly in a balloon.
27. October 12, 1799: Jeanne-Genevieve Garnerin became the first woman to
    parachute from a balloon.
28. Madeleine Sophie Blanchard: The first woman to be killed in a ballooning
    accident in 1819.
29. January 9, 1793: First balloon flight in the United States
30. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe: Organized Balloon Signal Service of the Union Army.
31. Dirigible: lighter than air aircraft that can be steered and propelled.
32. Henri Giffard: 1852, he is credited for inventing the first successful dirigible.
33. The LaFrance: The first airship powered by electric motors, built by Charles
    Renard and AC Krebs in 1884.
34. Paul Haenlein: In 1872, he built a dirigible with an internal-combustion engine.
35. Santos Dumont: The first man to build and fly gasoline-powered dirigibles.
36. Ferdinand von Zeppelin: July 1900, this man built and flew the world's first
    rigid dirigible, the LZ-1, with a steel/aluminum framework.
37. The Deutschland: The LZ-7, the world's first commerical airship on June 22,
38. \
39. Absolute Charging: Occurs when the whole aircraft is charged.
40. Acceleration: When a body is subjected to the application of force over time.
41. Ace: A pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft.
42. Active Communications Satellite: A satellite, such as the Courier 1B, that
    received signals from ground stations, amplified them and then rebroadcasted the
    signals to receiving stations on Earth
43. Advection: Lateral heat transfer that is important in the global circulation of air.
44. Advection Fog: Fog formed when wind blows moist air over a cold surface and
    the surface cools the air to its dew-point temperature.
45. Aeronaut: Balloonist
46. Aeronautics: The science and art of flying through the atmosphere.
47. Aerospace: A compound term used to describe the atmosphere and space as
    one medium.
48. Ailerons: Small flaps on the wings of aircraft that help control the plane.
49. Airfoil: Parts of an airplane, such as wings, tail surfaces, and propellers,
    designed to cause a dynamic reaction from the air through which it moves.
50. Airframe Rocket System: Serves to contain the other systems and to provide
    a streamlined shape
51. Air Pump: Invented by Torricelli, Von Geuricke, and Pascal to study vacuums
52. Airspeed Indicator: Informs the pilot of the speed through the air in terms of
    miles per hour and/or knots
53. Air Superiority: Complete Command of the Air
54. Air Traffic Control: Concerned with keeping aircraft safely separated to prevent
    accidents.
55. Airways: Three-dimensional highways in the sky and another subdivision of
    controlled airspace.
56. Alto: Middle altitude clouds where the stratus and cumulus shapes are found
    and called altostratus and altocumulus.
57. Altimeter: Aneroid barometer that reads in feet altitude and is calibrated to
    atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury.
58. Angle of Attack: The angle creates by the pilot during takeoff (the angle of the
    chord line and the oncoming relative wind).
59. Anorthosite: The most common rock on the moon composed almost entirely of one mineral: feldspar.
60. Apogee: The point in the orbital trajectory of flight path where the orbiting body
    is most distant from the body being orbited.
61. Area Navigation (RNAV): A computer-controlled navigation system that uses
    VOR-type radio stations or GPS as reference points, but allows the pilot or navigator
    to fly directly form the airport of origin to the destination airport without following
    airways.

Asteroids: Rocky and Metallic objects orbiting the sun but are too small to be
considered planets.

Atmosphere: Sometimes called "an ocean of air surrounding the earth" or " a
gaseous covering." A gaseous fluid that reacts to any force.

Atomizing: One phase of the combustion process.

Attitude Indicator: gyroscopic instrument that provides an artificial horizon to
the pilot.

Aurora Australis: Colored lights, which appear in the Southern Latitudes.

Aurora Borealis: Northern lights. The visible emissions from the polar magnetic
storms which produce sporadic radiant emissions form the upper atmosphere
over the middle and high latitudes.

Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS): A voice recording of a
tower controller that tells the pilot about the wind, clouds, visibility, and any other
restrictions that the runways may have.

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF): Another type of radio receiver used to
determine direction, but does not provide as much information as the VOR.

Ballast: A heavy substance for controlling ascent.

Ballistics: The study of the arc of a nonorbiting body.

Barnstormers: Ex-military aviators who flew war-surplus aircraft around the
country, circling over a village or small town to attract attention and landing nearby
to offer rides to individuals and put on exhibitions. They also called themselves "the
flying circus."

Barometer: Measures the pressure of the atmosphere.

Basalt: A hard, heavy, dark grey rock with tiny holes from which gas has
escaped.

Bernoulli's Principle: "As a fluid's speed increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases." Thus, the pressure on top of an airfoil must be less than the pressure below.

Bipropellant: The oxidizer is stored in one container and the fuel in another.

Black Hole: Probably began as a large star that exhausted its nuclear fuel and
collapsed inward on itself resulting in gravity so strong that nothing is allowed to
leave it.

Blitzkrieg: Lightning war devised by Germans.

Bombers: Large, long-range aircraft with a mission to reach into the enemy's
homeland and destroy the ability to wage war.

Burnout Velocity: The velocity that is required to place a spacecraft on its
intended trajectory that is attained when the rocket ceases to produce thrust.

Business Aircraft: 78% are single- and piston-engine aircraft and 21% and
twin- and piston-engine aircraft

Buzz Bomb: Bomb that produced a unique sound caused by a pulsejet engine
mounted in a "stovepipe" above the fuselage.

Cambered: Curved upper surface on a wing to increase lift

Canards: Horizontal surfaces forward of the main wings and are used for trim
and control.

Catalyst: A substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, but
undergoes no permanent chemical change itself.

Centrifugal Force: A force moving or directed away from the center of rotation,
which is a factor that affects the circulation of wind or air.

Chemical Propulsion System: Involves mixing and burning of a chemical fuel
and a chemical oxidizer to produce the hot, expanding gases needed to produce
thrust.

Chemosphere: An important region due to a number of important photochemical
(radiant energy and chemical) reactions which occur.

Chord: An imaginary line which connects the leading edge with the trailing
edge of an airfoil.

Circular Orbit: An orbit that maintains a virtually constant altitude above the
Earth's surface.

Chromosphere: Above the photosphere, this sphere of color extends to about
15,000 miles.

Cirrus Clouds: Thin, wispy, lacy clouds at high altitudes.

Cislunar Space: The space between the earth and the moon.

Clear Air Turbulence (CAT): May exist at different places and altitudes but be
completely invisible.

Cold Front: When a cold air mass replaces a warmer air mass, the boundary
is called a cold front.

Cold Welding: When moving parts fit with only a tiny air space kept between
them. In a vacuum, the tiny amount of air which kept them separated escapes and
they weld together.

Combustion Chamber: A chamber or cylinder-like assembly in a rocket engine,
jet engine, or the like where the propellant is exploded.

Comet: A small, irregularly shaped body whose tiny nucleus is composed of
water, ice, rock, and frozen gases.

Compression Wave: A type of shock wave that is formed when the air must
move aside as a leading edge passes.

Condensation: To change to a denser form as from a gas to a liquid.

100. Conduction: Heating by direct contact.
101. Conic Projection: A type of map formed by projecting the surface on the
     earth on the surface of the cone and unrolling this to a plane surface on which the
     parallels of latitude are then concentric circles and the meridians equally spaced
     radii.
102. Continental Air Mass: A dry air mass.
103. Control Rocket System: The system that carries out whatever the rocket's
     guidance system dictates should be done.
104. Controlled Airspace: Airspace that has several subdivisions and is shown
     on aeronautical charts.
105. Convection: Heat transfer by vertical motion.
106. Conventional: Landing gear consisting of two wheels forward of the aircraft's
     center of gravity and a small, third wheel at the tail.
107. Coriolis Effect: Rotation of the Earth influences any object moving over its
     surface such as the atmosphere in motion.
108. Corona: A division of the Sun's atmosphere known as the crown. An enormous
     area of faint white light that visibly extends from the Sun's surface.
109. Cosmic Rays: Rays of extremely short wave length and great penetrating power, which bombard the Earth from beyond its atmosphere.
110. Cowling: Removable metal covering that houses the engine and sometimes
     also a portion of the fuselage of the aircraft.
111. Crater: A depression caused by the impact of a meteorite.
112. Cumulus Clouds: Piled up lower altitude clouds that look "Bumpy."
113. Cyclone: A Hurricane that occurs in the Indian Ocean.
114. Dead Reckoning: Involves the systematic consideration of all factors that will
     and could affect flight.
115. Density: How many molecules of air are squeezed into a given volume.
116. Density Impulse: Another measure of a propellant's thrust according to
     volume involved.
117. Dew Point: The temperature at or below which water vapor will condense.
118. Differential Charging: Occurs when part of a spacecraft gets charged and
     has a different charge than another part of the aircraft.
119. Dirigibles: Rigid airships like large balloons. A lighter-than-air craft that can
     be propelled and steered.
120. Drag: A slowing force acting on a body moving through air, parallel and
     opposite the to the direction of motion.
121. Drag Devices: Devices such as speed breaks, air brakes, dive flaps, or drag
     parachutes used to produce a significant amount of drag without affecting the
     airfoil's lift.
122. Earth's Gravitational Field: A region associated with any distribution of
     mass in which gravitational forces due to that mass may be detected
123. Elevator: Control surface that is responsible for pitch.
124. Elliptical Orbit: Any closed orbit that is not circular.
125. Encroachment: The noise factor or any other considerations at airports that
     might intrude on the neighboring communities.
126. Engine Instruments: Keep the pilot aware of how his thrust-producing device
     is operating.
127. Equatorial Orbit: The orbit a satellite travels from west to east over the
     Earth's equator.
128. Escape Trajectory: A spacecraft must accelerate to its escape velocity which causes the velocity of the spacecraft to be so high and the inertia so great that the spacecraft comes under the influence of another body's gravity before it reaches its apogee.
129. Escape Velocity: The speed at which an object is able to overcome the
     gravitational pull of the earth.
130. Evaporation: The process by which liquid water molecules change to a gas
     or vapor state and enter the Earth's atmosphere.
131. Evaporation Fog: Steam that occurs when cold air moves over warm water;
     the water's normal evaporation process saturates the cooler air with water vapor,
     and the dew point is reached.
132. Exosphere: The top of the atmosphere above the Heterosphere. Known as
     the "region of escape."
133. Expansion Wave: A shock wave that is formed when the air must fill back in
     as the trailing edge passes.
134. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): The United States Government
     agency, which is responsible for regulating air commerce.
135. Fixed-Base Operation (FBO): A service station for airplanes.
136. Fixed Landing Gear: Usually on less expensive, smaller airplanes because
     it is much less costly to build and maintain.
137. Flaps: Attached to the trailing edge of the wing. When cruising, the flaps
     simply continue the streamlined shape of the wing's airfoil.
138. Flight Instruments: Inform the pilot of the altitude, the airspeed, and the
     attitude of the aircraft.
139. Flight Service Station (FSS): Provides all types of weather information for
     pilots.
140. Fog: A large mass of water vapor condensed to fine particles, at or just above
     the earth's surface.
141. Force: The cause of motion. Power or energy exerted against an object in a
     given direction.
142. Form Drag: The shape of the aircraft that creates drag.
143. Forward-Swept Wings: Wings sweeping which goes back more than 100
     years. The design needed to be structurally stronger in high-speed flight.
144. Fracto: A combining term which means broken and/or ragged.
145. Free Fall: The motion of a body in space when the only force acting on it is
     that of a gravitational field.
146. Freezing Level: May be around 15,000 feet during summer and perhaps as
     low as 1,000 feet above ground level on warm winter days.
147. Friction Drag: Caused by the friction of air particles rubbing against the parts
     of an airplane.
148. Frost: a feathery deposit of minute ice crystals or grains upon a surface or
     object, formed directly from vapor in the air.
149. Fuel System: Includes everything that involves delivery of fuel to the engine
     including fuel tanks and fuel lines.
150. Fuselage: The basic structure of the airplane to which all the other parts are
     attached.
151. Galaxy: A grouping of billions of stars apparently merging into a luminous
     band that extends across the sky.
152. Geostationary Orbit: An orbit stationed above one point on Earth's surface.
153. Global Positioning System (GPS): Consists of about 24 satellites in orbit
     around the Earth, several ground tracking stations, and a receiver in the aircraft.
154. Graviation: The term used to describe the force of attraction that exists
     between all matter within the universe.
155. Gravity: When gravitation involves Earth and a body or mass on or near the
     Earth.
156. Great Circle: Any circle on the Earth's surface that is made by a plane
     crossing through the Earth's center.
157. Grid System (Graticule): A system of coordinates that involves numbers
     across the top and letters down the left side. The Earth graticule uses 18 primary
     great circles going north-south and parallel small circles and two poles going
     east-west.
158. Ground Speed: A measure of how fast the aircraft is going across the surface
     of the Earth. This is important in determining how long it will take to get from a start
     point to the destination.
159. Guidance Rocket System: A self-contained electronic unit that employs a computer and an inertial platform and may also have a star-tracking unit for space navigation.
160. Gyroscopic Stability: A spinning flat weight that tends to line up on one of its
     axes. That axis is the one perpendicular to the face of the weight. Once the weight
     is aligned on the axis, it will remain there.
161. Hail: Pellets or lumps of frozen rain or snow sometimes precipitated during a
     thunderstorm.
162. Hangar: A garage for airplanes which protects it from weather damage.
163. Haze: A concentration of water vapor, lighter than fog or clouds, but thick
     enough to reduce visibility.
164. Heat: The sum total energy of all moving molecules within a substance.
165. Helium Gas: A very light inert gas used to inflate airships.
166. Hemisphere: Half-sphere
167. Heterosphere: Begins at about 55 to 60 miles in altitude where the molecules
     and atoms of the gases are spaced much farther apart. At this level, gravity
     influences the gases according to mass with the heaviest found in the lower part
     and the lighter gases found in the upper part.
168. High-Inversion Fog: A low cloud fog formed by condensation of water vapor
     at or near the top of cool air that is covered by a warmer air layer.
169. Hohmann Transfer: Minimum energy transfer that was developed by a German
     engineer named Walter Hohmann and is a practical method of space maneuver
     to this day.
170. Homosphere: Extends from Earth's surface up to an altitude of about 60
     miles. That region in which the gaseous composition and mixing are relatively
     constant.
171. Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air.
172. Hydraulic Systems: May operate the brakes, lower the landing gear, move
     the flight controls, and extend and lower the flaps. The mechanical advantage of
     this system allows the pilot to exert great pressure on the aircraft control systems
     or structures.
173. Hydrogen Gas: Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766. A "flammable air"
     that is lighter than air and was first used to fill balloons.
174. Induced Drag: Caused by lift vector pointing in the same direction as the drag
     vector.
175. Induced Lift: Induced lower pressure on the top of the wing due to the camber.
176. Inertia: The force produced by the reaction of a body to an accelerating force,
     equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the accelerating force.
177. Insolation: The rate at which the Earth's surface is heated by solar radiation.
178. Instrument Landing System (ILS): Is used only within a short distance from
     the airport and only when the purpose is to land the airplane.
179. Internal Navigation: A self-contained unit located within the aircraft that
     needs only to be programmed for a starting point and destination.
180. International Law: The rules generally observed and regarded as binding in
     the relations between states or nations.
181. International Treaties: Written agreements or contracts between or among
     nations that are legally binding to those who sign them.
182. Interplanetary Space: Measured from the center of the sun to the orbit of its
     outermost planet.
183. Ion: An atom that carries a positive or negative electrical charge as a result
     of losing or gaining one or more electrons.
184. Ionosphere: Received at stations far away from the broadcasting station. An
     outer region of the atmosphere that consists of layers of ionized air particles.
185. Jet Stream: A comparatively narrow current of air which moves around the
     Northern (and Southern) Hemisphere of the earth in wavelike patterns. Compared
     to a "river" of wind moving at high speed.
186. Joined Wings: An aircraft with its main wing swept upward and backward
     connected at the tips to the rearward wing which would be swept forward and
     downward, resembling the shape of a diamond.
187. Jupiter: The fifth planet from the Sun and by far the largest planet in our solar
     system.
188. KREEP: A rock found on the moon which has not been found on Earth.
189. Kuiper Belt: A ring of celestial bodies billions of miles beyond Neptune.
190. Laminar Air Flow: Smooth flow pattern of air around an object.
191. Lateral Axis: An imaginary line that runs from one wingtip through the fuselage
     and exits the other wingtip. Also called the pitch axis.
192. Latitude: Planes of the Equator that are parallel small circles and two poles.
193. Leading Edge: The edge that meets relative wind first.
194. Leeward: The part or side of an object (such as a mountain) that is sheltered
     from the wind or is farthest from the source of the wind and is usually dry.
195. Lenticular: Clouds that have a lens-like shape (double convex) and usually
     form in the mountains.
196. Light Year: The distance a photon can travel in one of Earth's calendar years.
197. Liquid Propellants: A propellant in a liquid state which may be bipropellant
     or monopropellant.
198. Long Haul Jets: Commercial jet airliners such as the Douglas DC-8 and the
     Convair 880 and 990.
199. Lift: The upward force that opposes the pull of gravity.
200. Lighter-Than-Air: A concept that must be met to achieve flight. Balloonists
     were first to develop the concept.
201. Longitude: The 18 primary great circles going north-south.
202. Longitudinal: Front to back of an aircraft. (roll)
203. Mach Number: Determined by Ernst Mach as being the speed of sound
     through a medium.
204. Magnetic Course: The course according to the magnetic compass heading
     or direction. The difference between magnetic north and true north must be
     subtracted from or added to the true-course direction. Otherwise, the airplane will
     not follow the true course drawn on the chart.
205. Magnetic Storms: Characterized by a sudden onset of radiation bursts in
     which the magnetic field undergoes marked changes in the course of an hour or
     less.
206. Magnetosphere: The region of the Earth's atmosphere where ionized gas
     plays a big part in the dynamics of the atmosphere and where the geomagnetic
     field plays an important role.
207. Manned Spacecraft: Spacecraft carrying one or more human beings.
208. Maritime Air Mass: A humid air mass.
209. Mars: The fourth planet in our solar system that is also called the Red Planet
     because it appears as a small reddish light when viewed with the naked eye.
210. Mass: The amount of material in an object
211. Mechanical Instruments: Instruments that work by means of direct mechanical
     linkage (such as a gear attached directly to the engine to give a reading on
     how fast the engine is operating) or on the principle of the gyroscope.
212. Mercator Projection: Maps in which the earth's surface is shown as a rectangle,
     with the meridians as parallel straight lines spaced at equal intervals and
     the parallels of latitude as parallel straight lines intersecting the meridians at right
     angles but spaced further apart as their distance from the equator increases. The
     areas become increasingly distorted toward the poles.
213. Mesosphere: A region of the atmosphere starting at 30 miles up to about 50
     miles altitude.
214. Meteoroid: Any of the small, solid bodies traveling through outer space.
215. Microburst: Caused when a column of air is quickly cooled (usually by rain)
     and rapidly falls toward the Earth.
216. Missile: A rocket-propelled vehicle with a weapon or warhead as the payload.
217. Mission-adaptive Wings: The wing changes to create its most efficient
     shape for a variety of conditions.
218. Modular Air Turbulence: Air vehicles from different aircraft sections that
     allow the airplane to do different missions. This mixing and matching of sections
     allows the vehicle to meet the needs of country defense.
219. Momentum: The product of mass and velocity
220. Mojave Airspace Ventures: Winners of the x-prize
221. Monocoque: French word meaning single shell. It depends on the covering
     or skin to provide the required strength to resist the stresses of flight.
222. Monopropellant: Liquid oxidizer and fuel existing together in the same storage
     tank.
223. Moon Dust: A fine dust that covers the surface of the moon.
224. Moon Rocks: Rocks on the moon that have remained exposed on the lunar
     surface for periods as long as 500 million years without being destroyed.
225. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): A government organization with a threefold mission. First, to explore, use, and enable the development of space for human enterprise. Second, to advance scientific knowledge and understanding of the Earth, the solar system and the universe and use the environment of space for research. Third, research, develop, verify and transfer advanced aeronautics, space and related technologies. (Founded July 29th, 1958)
226. Navigation Instruments: Help the pilot find the way from the point of departure
     to the destination.
227. Nebulae: Any of several dark or bright misty, cloudlike patches seen in the
     night sky, consisting of groups of stars too far away to be seen singly.
228. Neptune: The outermost of the gas planets and the fourth largest planet in
     the solar system. It is eighth in distance from the Sun.
229. Neutrosphere: In this region, there is little ionization compared to that which
     takes place in the ionosphere.
230. New Horizons: An unmanned space probe launched toward Pluto in 2006.
231. Newtons First Law: States that a body in a state of rest and a body in motion
     tend to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by some outside
     force.
232. Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation: States that two bodies attract each
     other with a force directly proportional to the square of the distance between them.
233. Newton's Second Law: States that the rate of change in the momentum of
     a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body and is in the direction of
     the force.
234. Newton's Third Law: For every action there is an equal reaction in the
     opposite direction.
235. Nimbo: The combining term to indicate that a cloud is at the moment producing
     precipitation or is capable of producing precipitation.
236. Noise Abatement: Usually involve a very quick climb by the aircraft after
     takeoff. Also, the aircraft might try not to fly over certain areas on the ground.
237. Nova: Stars that are not stable; they flare, subside, and flare again.
238. Nozzle: On a rocket, a "bell-shaped" duct that allows the escaping exhaust
     to expand thereby lowering its pressure.
239. Non-coplaner Transfer: A transfer that does not occur in the same plane
     because Earth satellites are at many different altitudes and at various angles to
     the equator.
240. Oblique-Winged Aircraft: This aircraft wing changes form during flight for optimum lift under different circumstances and can be rotated to different positions for the best aerodynamic characteristics.
241. Occluded Front: When a warm air mass, lying between two cold air masses,
     is lifted up by the cold air mass behind it. The rapidly lifted warm air cools and
     creates a low and severe precipitation can sometimes occur.
242. Opportunity: A Mars rover.
243. Orbits: Paths described by one body in its revolution about another body.
244. Ornithopter: Flying machines that are kept aloft and propelled by flapping
     wings, described first by Leonardo da Vinci.
245. Outgassing: Bubbles escaping from a spacecraft which can cause damage
     to delicate sensors and lenses.
246. Oxidation: The combination of oxygen with another substance.
247. Oxidizer: Either another chemical compound or maybe oxygen in pure form

Ozonosphere: A special region of the atmosphere that performs the very
important function of shielding us from ultraviolet and infrared radiation that could
be fatal.

Particulate Matter: Dust and very small particles of matter.

Passenger Terminal: Designed to handle passengers, baggage, and cargo.
Most have large waiting rooms for passengers to relax as well as places to eat,
purchase tickets, and rent cars.

Passive Communications Satellites: Those satellites, such as Echo I, that
does nothing more than to reflect radio and television signals.

Payload: Whatever the rocket is carrying.

Performance Instruments: Tells how the aircraft has responded to commands.

Perigee: The opposite of apogee - that point where the orbiting body is
closest to the body being orbited.

Photosphere: The portion of the Sun which gives light. It is composed of
mostly hydrogen and helium and is very hot.

Pilotage: Navigating by reference to visible landmarks.

Pluto: The outermost planet of the solar system, discovered in 1930, ninth in
distance from the Sun.

Polar Air Mass: A cold air mass.
15 / 29
Civil Air Patrol Spaatz Exam - Aerospace Cumulative Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8r4xdn

Polar Magnetic Storms: Solar disturbances observable only in the polar
areas.

Polar Orbit: Involves a path that crosses or nearly crosses the North and
South Poles during each orbit.

Precipitation: When visible water falls in the form of rain, sleet, snow, and
hail.

Pressure: Air at higher altitudes is under less pressure than air at lower
altitudes. Standard day pressure is 14.7 psi, or 29.92 on a mercury barometer.
All air molecules pressing down upon all the molecules below them. Pressure is
exerted in all directions with a given volume of air.

Standard Pressure: 14.7 PSI or 29.92 on a Mercury Barometer.

Pressure Gradient: The rate of pressure increase or decrease on any atmospheric
plane, usually a horizontal plane, for any given distance.

Pressure Instruments: Uses the principle that pressure decreases with
height to tell the pilot about the performance of the aircraft.

Prime Meridian: Te great circle line that passes from the North Pole to the
South through Greenwich, England.

Probes: Satellites or spacecraft that either fly by, orbit or land on a celestial
body, other than Earth.

Progressive Burn Rate: An instantaneous spread of the flame-front along
the entire surface of the hole and as more and more surface area is exposed by
burning, more and more thrust is produced.

Propellant: The oxidizer and reducer which propel the rocket.

Propfan System: Combines the air-moving efficiency of the turbofan engine
with the thrusting efficiency of the propeller causing a dramatic reduction in fuel
consumption while retaining the turbofan's high power and the speed it makes
possible.

Propulsion Rocket System: Includes the propellant used, the containers for
the propellant, all plumbing that may be required to get the propellant from the
containers to the engine, and the rocket engine itself.

Pulsar: Known as a pulsating star because it flashes electromagnetic emissions
(radio or other waves) in a set pattern.

Pure Jet: A jet using a type of propulsion where all of the thrust is provided
by the jet exhaust.
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Radar: Radio detecting and ranging by means of emitting radio signals and
observing and analyzing the minute signals reflected from an object to detect
range, bearing, and other characteristics of the object.

Radiation: Energy radiated in the form of waves or particles such as the heat
energy of the sun that reaches Earth.

Radial: Each degree line, in a 360-degree circle, extending away from the
site.

Radiation Fog: Fog that forms at night when land surfaces radiate much of
the heat absorbed from the sun back into space.

Ramjet Engine: The simplest type of all-jet engines because it has no moving
parts. The force of inertia "rams" air into a streamlined chamber where it is
compressed slowed down, mixed with fuel, ignited, and released.

Ramp: A large paved area for parking airplanes.

Reaction Engine: A rocket engine where the action of the rocket's exhaust
gases produces a reaction, forcing the rocket in the opposite direction.

Reciprocating Engine: Certain parts of the engine move back and forth in
straight-line motion. This straight-line motion has to be changed to rotary motion
for turning the propeller of an airplane.

Reconnaissance Aircraft: Aircraft used by the military to watch an enemy or
potential enemy in order to keep track of what they are doing.

Reducer: The substance to be oxidized.

Regressive Burn Rate: The most thrust is produced shortly after ignition,
and it diminishes thereafter.

Relative Humidity: The method used to tell you the amount of water vapor
that can still enter an air mass before it becomes saturated.

Relative Wind: Opposite the flight path and impacts the airfoil at any angle
to the chord line.

Retractable Gear: Landing gear that retracts in order to get them out of the
airstream and thereby reduce drag.

Retrothrust: Negative thrust (moving down from a higher to a lower orbit
require negative thrust).

Rille: One of several long, narrow telescopic valleys on the surface of the
moon.
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Rocket: Operates on the same principle as the firework rocket, consisting of
a combustion chamber and an exhaust nozzle, that carries either liquid or solid
propellants which provide the fuel and oxygen needed for combustion. A type of
power plant that is used to propel something (payload).

Rotary Engine: An air-cooled engine with the cylinders arranged in a round
fashion. The crankshaft was fastened solidly to the airframe and allowed the engine
and the attached propeller to spin around the fixed crankshaft.

Rotary Wing Aircraft: A large rotor (propeller) on top of a helicopter, which
is made up of a number of blades, each like a wing, and as the rotor whirls, the
blades move through the air causing, lift.

Rotor Blades: The airfoils in the rotor of a rotary-wing aircraft.

Rudder: A control surface that controls yaw (left and right movement) of an
airplane.

Runway Designations: Runways are identified by a number which corresponds
to a compass direction rounded to the nearest 10 degrees.

Satellites: A man-made object or vehicle intended to orbit Earth, the moon,
or other celestial body for the transmission of space data.

Saturation: When the air is holding the maximum amount of water vapor for
the existing temperature and pressure.

Saturn: The second largest planet in the solar system and the sixth from the
Sun. Known for its famous rings.

Scintillation: The twinkling of the stars.

Semimonocoque: A fuselage structure that uses internal braces to help the
skin carry the forces generated.

Shock Wave: The sudden displacement of air and the resulting
wedge-shaped wave formed by the air.

Short Haul Jets: Smaller jets such as the Boeing 727 and the DC-9.

Slats: Protrusions from the leading edge of a wing that, when combined with
the flaps, result in a significant increase in lift.

Small Circle: Any circle other than a great circle.

Smoke: The vaporous matter arising from something burning and made
visible by minute particles of carbon suspended in it.

Solar Flares: A sudden and temporary outburst of energy from a small area
of the sun's surface.
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Solar Radiation: A process which causes evaporation by heating the oceans
and large bodies of water.

Solar Winds: Steady electromagnetic emissions that are an extension of the
Sun's corona into interplanetary space.

Solid Propellant: A propellant in a solid state which is less costly and more
reliable than the liquid type.

Sound Barrier: The speed sound travels through air. Before 1947, it was
believed that the speed of sound created a physical barrier for aircraft and pilots.

Sounding Rocket: A rocket sent into, or even beyond the atmosphere, on a
one-way trip to gather information.

Space: A place which extends infinitely in all directions and contains all the
stars, planets, and galaxies in the universe.

Specific Impulse: The number of pounds of thrust delivered by consuming
one pound of propellant (oxidizer/fuel mixture) in one second.

Speed of Sound: How fast sound travels through a medium such as air. The
speed of sound in air is about 761 mph when the air temperature is 59 degrees F.

Spin Stabilization: The ability of a projectile to be steadied in flight by a
rotating motion about its longitudinal axis.

Spirit: A Mars rover.

Spoiler: A device used to destroy lift. Found on top of the wing and in varying
sizes.

Stabilizer: Located on the tail with the horizontal stabilizer having the elevators
attached and the vertical stabilizer having the rudder attached.

Stall: Separation between the streamlines and the airfoil causing loss of lift
producing low-pressure on the top of the wing.

Stationary Front: When air masses lose their "punch" and are not replacing
one another.

Stratosphere: A region where temperature goes up with increase in altitude,
beginning at 10 miles above the Earth and going to about 30 miles up.

Stratus Clouds: Clouds that stretch out/or cover as a layer.

Sublimation: Happens when water molecules leave the frozen (solid) state
and directly enter the atmosphere without first changing into a liquid.

Sunspots: Any of the dark spots sometimes seen on the surface of the sun.
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Sunsynchronous Orbit: A polar orbit that keeps a satellite exposed to constant
sunlight.

Supernova: Occurs when a star gives up great mass in one giant explosion
of light and energy.

Supersonic: Relating to speeds from one to five times the speed of sound in
air.

Tachometer: An instrument that shows how fast the engine's crankshaft is
turning (expressed in rpm).

Tail (empennage): Consists of the horizontal stabilizer and the vertical stabilizer.

Tandem: Landing gear in an arrangement where the main gear consists of
two sets of wheels, which are, located one behind the other on the fuselage.

Taxiways: The roads that aircraft use to get to the runway.

Temperature: The measure of the energy within a gas.

The Milky Way: The galaxy in which we reside, along with about 100 billion
other solar systems and stars.

Thermosphere: A region of the atmosphere that begins at 50 miles up and
extends outward to about 300 miles.

Thrust: The force exerted through the propeller shaft of an airplane due to
reaction of the air on the revolving blades of the propeller and that moves the craft
ahead.

Thrust Vectoring: Allows the thrust force to be pointed in any direction to
assist lift, reduce the chance to stall, or allow the aircraft to fly at extremely high
angles of attack and very slowly.

Thunderstorm: Any storm accompanied by thunder and lightning.

Total Velocity Requirement: Represents adding together of all the velocity
requirements for all stages of the mission.

Trailing Edge: The thin junction where the upper and lower surfaces come
together at the rear of the wing.

Trajectories: The curved paths of objects hurtling through space.

Tricycle: Consists of three wheels, which make an airplane very easy to
control on the ground.

Tropical Air Mass: A hot air mass.
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Troposphere: That region in which people live, work, play, and fly, extending
from the Earth's surface to about 10 miles above the Earth at the equator.

True Airspeed: A measure of how fast the airplane is flying through the air.

True Course: What the navigator indicates as the course the airplane will
follow. This might include consideration of radio navigation stations, landforms such
as mountains, or prohibited airspace.

Truss: A type of fuselage that is made of tubing welded in place to form a
well-braced framework.

Turbine Engines: Use the force of hot flowing gases striking a turbine.

Turbofan Engine: Similar to turbojets except more air is pulled into the
turbofan engine, they are much quieter, and more fuel-efficient. The limitations are
speed and poor low altitude performance.

Turboprop Jets: A type of jet propulsion in which the gas turbine is fastened
to a propeller that is used to propel the aircraft.

Turbulence: Air that flows over the wing's surface and scrapes against the
rough metal and is slowed down and churned up.

Turn and Slip Indicator: The turn indicator indicates the direction and rate
of turn and the ball in the glass tube (inclinometer) indicates the quality of the turn.

Typhoon: A hurricane that occurs in the western Pacific.

Ultralights: Small, lightweight aircraft, which began as, powered hang gliders.

Uncontrolled Airports: Airports with no control tower where the pilots must
use common procedures to reduce the chances of collisions on the ground and in
the air.

Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV): Small, pilot-less aircraft that perform missions,
which do not require a pilot on board or which, are considered too dangerous
or politically unwise for manned flight.

Unmanned Spacecraft: Research devices designed to add to our knowledge
of the atmosphere and space.

Upslope Fog: Fog that results when wind carries moist air up a mountain
slope or sloping land until the air is cooled.

Uranus: The third largest planet in the solar system, seventh in distance from
the Sun.
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Useful Load: Subtract the empty weight from the maximum allowable weight
from the maximum allowable weight to find how many pounds may be loaded into
the airplane.

Vacuum: Completely empty space.

Vectors: A graphic mathematical illustration showing both direction and magnitude.

Velocity: The rate at which a body moves when a force is applied to it.

Vengeance Weapons: Two World War II German weapons called the V-1
and V-2. V-1 was nicknamed "buzz bomb" and V-2 was a rocket-propelled ballistic
missile.

Vertical Axis: An imaginary line that passes vertically through the meeting
point of the longitudinal and lateral axes and is also called the yaw axis.

Vertical-Takeoff-and-Landing (VTOL): A method by which an aircraft can
achieve forward flight, like a conventional aircraft, but can also takeoff and land
without any horizontal movement at all.

Vertical Velocity Indicator: Tells the pilot at what rate (in feet per minute) the
airplane is climbing or descending.

Viscosity: A fluid's resistance to flow

Viscous Drag: When an object is placed in the path of moving air and the
mutual attraction of molecules slows the rate of flow. This is transmitted to other
air molecules that are actually touching the surface over which they are flowing.

Vortices: Form around the wingtips of an airplane and described as horizontal
tornadoes. Strong swirling air currents.

Warm Front: When a warm air mass replaces a cold air mass, the boundary
is called a warm front.

Wave Drag: Result of lost energy when air flows across a shock wave and
undergoes a change in temperature, pressure, and velocity.

Wave Rider: A hypersonic or supersonic vehicle that has an attached shock
wave along its leading fuselage edge. The vehicle appears to be riding its own
shock wave.

Weather: The day-to-day changes in atmospheric conditions.

Weight: Force that directly opposes lift.

Windshear: An atmospheric condition in which changes in speed and direction
of the wind occur.
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Wind Triangle: A tool used by the pilot to figure out where wind drift will cause
the aircraft to fly over the ground. It can also be used to counter the effect of drift.

Wind Tunnel: A device used in the design and development of virtually all
aircraft flying today.

Windward: Slopes of mountains that face the wind and are usually moistened
with rain or snow.

Wing: Primary source of lift with ailerons attached.

Winglets: Small wings placed in a vertical position at the end of the wings to
eliminate the vortices and improve the efficiency of the wing.

X-Prize: The prize awarded for a non-government organization spacecraft
flying into space and returning within two weeks.

George Cayley: Identified the Four Forces of Flight and built the first successful
full-sized glider in 1850.

Alphonse Penaud: Developed a rubber-band system to power helicopter
rotors.

Clement Ader: Built the first manned aircraft to take off from level ground
under its own power (1890).

Francis H. Wenham: Became the first person to build a wind tunnel to test
various wing shapes (1871).

Otto Lilienthal: The "Father of Modern Aviation."

Octave Chanute.: Performed gliding experiments on the sand dunes around
Lake Michigan (1896).

Samuel Pierpont Langley: In 1896, he successfully built a steam-powered
model that flew for 3/4 of a mile before it ran out of fuel. He then set out to build a
full-size, man carrying aircraft.

Charles M. Manly: Langley's assistant who designed a 5-cylinder, radial
engine that weighed only 125 pounds, but produced an amazing 53-horsepower.

The Wright Brothers: Built and Flew the first successful heavier-than-air
aircraft.

Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge: The first man to lose his life in a powered
airplane.

Glenn Curtiss: The "Fastest Man on Earth" when he set the motorcycle
speed record of 136.3 mph.
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Aerial Experiment Association: An aircraft-building company founded by
Curtiss and Alexander Graham Bell in 1907.

Eugene Ely: The first man to take off and land on the deck of a ship

Theodore Roosevelt: The first President to fly.

Calbraith Perry Rodgers: Made the first airplane crossing of the United
States from coast to coast.

Harriet Quimby: America's first licensed female pilot.

Robert Esnault-Pelterie: Built a Wright-style glider in 1904 and used ailerons
to replace the wing-warping technique. He also built the first fully enclosed fuselage
airplane.

Alberto Santos-Dumont: Flew the first powered airplane in Europe.

Louis Bleriot: Built and flew the world's first powered monoplane in 1907.

Rheims, France: the first international air meet was held HERE on August
22-28, 1909.

Igor Sikorsky: Built the first four-engine aircraft and flew it on May 13, 1913.

Gnome: An air-cooled engine with the cylinders arranged in a radial (round)
fashion designed by the Seguin Brothers.

W. H. Phillips: Built and successfully flew a model helicopter powered by
steam jets at the rotor tips.

Emile and Henry Berliner: Became the first Americans to build and fly a
helicopter.

Rene Fonck: French "Ace of Aces" of WWI. Shot down 75 enemy aircraft.

Eddie Rickenbacker: American "Ace of Aces" of WWI. Shot down 26 enemy
aircraft.

Edward Mannock: British "Ace of Aces" of WWI. Shot down 73 enemy
aircraft.

Baron Manfred von Richthofen: German "Ace of Aces" (The Red Baron).
Shot down 80 enemy aircraft.

Lafayette Escadrille: WWI squadron of the French Air Service composed
mostly of American volunteers.

Billy Mitchell: Commanded the first mass use of aircraft for bombing attacks
on enemy supply routes and for supporting the ground troops and a strong
advocate for an independent Air Force.
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Lieutenant Commander R. Bellinger, Commander J. Towers, and Lieutenant
Commander Albert Read: Led the first successful crossing of the Atlantic
in aircraft.

Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown: Crossed the
Atlantic Ocean in 16 hours and 12 minutes in 1919.

Bessie Coleman: America's first licensed African-American pilot.

Ostfriesland: What ship did "Billy" Mitchell sink on July 21, 1921, with his
MB-2 bombers proving airpower could be used for the coastal defense of the
United States?

Lieutenant Oakley Kelly and Lieutenant John Macready: First successful
non-stop flight across the Contiguous United States in 1923.

Boston, Chicago, Seattle, and New Orleans: The aircraft to make the first
flight around the world in 1924.

Lieutenants Lowell Smith and J. P. Richter: In August 1923, the Army
performed the first refueling of an airplane while in flight. They remained airborne
for 37 hours and 15 minutes by refueling their aircraft through a 50-foot hose from
another airplane.

Army Lieutenant Russell Maughan: On June 23, 1924, he flew a Curtiss
PW-8 pursuit aircraft from coast-to-coast in a dawn to-dusk flight.

Pearl Harbor: What event did Billy Mitchell foretell more than 17 years before
it happened?

Ralph Pulitzer: Offered a trophy to promote high-speed flight.

Lieutenant Corliss Moseley: Winner of the first Pulitzer Trophy on November
27, 1920.

Cy Bellis: Winner of the last Pulitzer Trophy in 1925.

Charles E. Thompson: Established a trophy to encourage faster land-based
aircraft in 1930.

Bendix Trophy Race: A transcontinental speed race established in 1931.

Jimmy Doolittle: A winner of the Bendix Race.

Schneider Trophy Race: An annual race over open water by seaplanes
established in 1913.

MC-72: In October 1934, the _ established a world record for
seaplanes of 440.68 mph.
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Women's Air Derby: The first cross-country competition for women established
in 1929.

Louise Thaden: First winner of the Women's Air Derby.

The "Ninety-Nines": An association of women fliers dedicated to the improvement
of women's opportunities in aviation, of which Amelia Earhart was the
first President.

May 15, 1918: The Post Office Department started air mail service

Washington, D.C., and New York City: The first air mail route was between____.

Air Mail Act of 1925: The legislation which made possible the private carrying
of mail was the ____, a law which essentially dealt with the
economic regulation of the federal air system. Among other provisions in the act
was one that allowed the contractor to be paid 80 percent of the air mail profits for
carrying it.

May 20, 1926, the AIR COMMERCE ACT: Established the Aeronautics
Branch within the Department of Commerce and provided for the first federal safety
regulation of aviation for both pilots and aircraft.

J u n e 1 2 , 1 9 3 4: A new AIR MAIL ACT (1934) that changed the economic
and safety regulation.

Aeronautics Act of 1938: This law combined both economic and safety
regulations into one independent agency called the Civil Aeronautics Authority
(CAA).

Charles A. Lindbergh: First person to succesfully fly solo across the Atlantic
Ocean in May, 1927.

Amelia Earhart: The first woman passenger to fly across the Atlantic. She
gained fame as the world's greatest woman flier before her disappearance in 1937.
In May 1932, she was the first woman to make a solo transatlantic flight.

June 1, 1937: Amelia Earhart and her crew disappeared

Travel Air Manufacturing Company: Formed in 1925 in Wichita, Kansas.
This company was formed by Lloyd Stearman, Clyde Cessna and Walter Beech.

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA): 1915, President
Woodrow Wilson formed an organization called .

James H. Doolittle: On September 24, 1929, he made the first successful
"blind" takeoff and landing.
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Igor Sikorsky: Developed the first practical helicopter.

McNary-Watres Act/ Air Mail Act of 1930: Contractors could be paid according
to the available cargo space, a bonus would be paid to operators flying
multi-engine aircraft equipped with the latest instruments, and authorized the
postmaster general to extend or combine air mail route.

Douglas DC-3: It was one of the most successful aircraft ever built. By 1938,
it carried 95 percent of all commercial traffic in the United States, and by 1939, it
was carrying 90 percent of the commercial traffic worldwide.

Pan American Clippers: Igor Sikorsky developed a larger flying boat, the
S-42, which had a range of 1,200 miles. This airplane became known as the Pan
American Clipper and made the first airline crossing of both the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans.

The Hindenburg: The most famous of all Zeppelins, not because of its
success but because of its failure.

May 6, 1937: The Hindenburg disaster.

July 28, 1935: The Boeing 299 (B-17) made it's first flight test.

General "Hap" Arnold: Founded the Army Air Corps training program.

Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP): Authorized in mid-1939 by the CAA.
This program created a great reserve supply of pilots that could be used in a
serious national emergency

Civilian Pilot Training Act of 1939: Authorized the CAA to conduct a program
for training civilian pilots through existing educational institutions and to
prescribe pertinent regulations.

Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.: The first African-American general in the U.S. military;
he led the Tuskegee airmen through WWII.

Treaty of Versailles: Restricted Germany from developing any type of military
aircraft.

Royal Air Force (RAF): The English air force.

"Blitzkrieg": A combined arms operations where the army and the air forces
are used in combination with each other.

Messerschmitt BF 109: The backbone fighter of the German Air Force and
was produced more than any other fighter aircraft in World War II.

September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland, beginning World War II in
Europe.
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Luftwaffe: The German Air Force.

Manginot Line: France's massive defensive line on German border.

The Battle of Britain: An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between
the German Luftwaffe, which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the
British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

December 7, 1941: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

December 7, 1942: The Civil Aeronautics Administration's (CAA) Civilian
Pilot Training Program became the CAA War Training Service.

Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS): 1942: Female pilots who
ferried aircraft from factories and repair facilities.

June 6, 1944: D-Day; the Allied invasion of Normandy France.

P-51 Mustang: Fighter that provided long-range escort to Allied bombers an
was the first aircraft to use Laminar-flow wings.

May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered in Europe.

Col. Francis "Gabby" Gabreski: WWII United States Ace with 31 kills.

Kamikaze: Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives
and crashed them into American ships.

March 9-10, 1945: The Bombing of Tokyo.

August 6, 1945: The Enola Gay drops the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on
Hiroshima.

August 9, 1945: Dropping the atomic bomb "Fat man" on Nagasaki.

Axis Powers: Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

B-17: Flying Fortress: one of the most successful long-range Bombers of
WWII.

B-25: US Long-range Bomber.

B-29: Superfortress: the B-17 Flying Fortress' successor.

Zero: The Japanese fighter aircraft.

P-38 Lightning: Built by Lockheed, used in WWII as an American fighter
aircraft. Aircraft had twin booms (looked like 2 tails), and used in dive bombing,
level bombing, ground attack, night fighting, photo reconnaissance missions and
as a long-range escort fighter. Was involved throughout the entirety of WWII.
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National Security Act: On July 26, 1947, the Army Air Forces of World War
II became the United States Air Force (USAF).

B-36: Peacemaker, Strategic Bomber, B-36 is the first bomber built specifically
for carrying nuclear weapons. With a wingspan of 230 ft, the aircraft also holds
the distinction of being the largest piston engine combat aircraft ever produced.
Training missions simulating cold war missions often exceed over 40 hrs in flight.
The B-36 retired having never dropped a weapon in combat.

Frank Whittle: Designed the world's first turbojet engine for use in an airplane
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