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Lab Midterm Review Guide

Midterm Test Study Outline

This is just a reference to help guide your studying but does not mean only what is on here will be on the midterm 

Covers:

●     Lab Safety

Microscopy lab ppt

  • Calculating total objective = (Ocular lens magnification * objective lens magnification) Ocular lens is always 10x​

  • The image you see is reversed ​

  • If you move the specimen to the right, it moves left in your lens​

  • If you move the specimen up, it moves down in your lens​

  • As objective magnification increases, the incoming light decreases​

Microbial world lab ppt

Prokaryotes

  • Diverse​

  • Classified based on:​

    • Shape (Bacilli → rod, Cocci → spheres, Spirili → spiral)​

    • Locomotion (paramecium → cilia, amoeba → pseudopods, euglena → flagellum)​

    • Gram staining (Gram - pink, Gram + purple)​

  • In 1977 they were divided into Archaea and Bacteria​

  • Trichonympha in termites exhibit a mutualistic relationship where Trichonympha convert cellulose in wood into starches and sugars that the termite can use as nutrients. This fuels a continuous supply of energy-rich cellulose and a suitable environment in which to live.

Green revolution lab ppt

  • Non-vascular plants:

    • Found in damp and moist areas

    • Lack specialized vascular tissues so they are low to the ground because of insufficient water and nutrient transport.

  • Vascular plants:

    • Found anywhere on land

    • Contain lignified vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients.

  • Antheridia (male sex organs) vs. Archegonia (female sex organs)

Seeds

  • Gymnosperm seeds: Seeds mature on the outside of the cone; naked seeds

  • Angiosperm seeds: Seeds mature on the inside of the cone.

Monocots vs. Dicots

The perfect flower:

The perfect flower with male and female sex organs

Volvox

  • Freshwater green algae with eyespots all around the outside

Volvox

Brine shrimp lab ppt

●     Pre and post lab quizzes on Tophat

 

Topics to understand

What is considered proper lab safety? 

  • Hair tied up

  • Lab coat

  • Closed-toe shoes

  • Proper PPE

  • Review safety protocols for all chemicals and specimens

  • No food or drink in the lab

  • Follow instructions

What are the different parts of a microscope and what do they do?

  • Objectives: Provide magnfication, can be changed to go up or down in magnification using the nosepiece

  • Oculars/Eyepieces: Where you look into

  • Stage: Where you place the prepared slides

  • Coarse focus adjustment knob: Focuses the slide at a greater margin

  • Fine focus adjustment knob: Focuses the slide at a smaller margin

  • Arm: Supports the eyepiece and the stage

  • Base: Supports the whole microscope

  • Condenser: Controls the focus of light entering the microscope

  • Iris diaphragm: Controls the amount of light entering the microscope.

Difference between degree of magnification and total magnification.

  • Degree of magnification → the degree to which the objective lens can magnify something (ex: 4x, 10x, etc)

  • Total magnification → calculated by doing ocular * objective

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

  • Bacilli: Rods

  • Cocci: Spherical

  • Spirillia: Spiral

Why do you use staining and what does color signify?

  • Gram staining allows us to distinguish between gram + and - bacteria which differ in their cell wall structure.

    • Gram (-): Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by two membrane, outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides and proteins

    • Gram (+): One thick peptidoglycan layer.

  • This allows us to pinpoint whether or not someone has a bacterial infection and how we can go about treating it.

What are the three domains of life and what characteristics make them different from one another?

  • Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

  • Bacteria are pathogenic, archaea are non-pathogenic, Eukarya are eukaryotic.

Characteristics of Paramecium, Amoeba and Euglena

  • They are all eukaryotes, they differ in their method of locomotion

    • Paramecium → cilia

    • Amoeba → pseudopods

    • Euglena → flagellum

What organism lives within termites and what relationship does it have?

  • Trichonympha; a symbiotic relationship with termites.

Difference between vascular and nonvascular plants?   

  • Vascular plants have lignfied vascular tissues which allow them to transport water and nutrients across larger distances. This allows them to grow taller and have a more rigid structure

  • Non-vascular plants do not have lignfied vascular tissue which force them to live close to the ground in shady, moist areas.

Volvox and its characteristics.      

  • Freshwater green algae that has eyespots all around it’s perimeter

Moss Antheridia vs Moss Archegonia.

  • Moss antheridia is the male sex organs of a plant

  • Moss archegonia is the female sex organs of a plant

Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms.  

  • Angiosperms are more diverse than gymnosperms

  • Gymnosperm seeds mature on the outside of the cone; naked seeds

  • Angiosperm seeds mature on the inside of the cone; fruit

What does the perfect flower have?

  • Male and female sex organs. Stamen and Pistil

Characteristics of Fruit.

  • Encase the seed

  • Allow for better seed dispersal and provide nutrients to the seed

    

review pre and post lab quizzes

 

 

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