Lab Midterm Review Guide

Midterm Test Study Outline

This is just a reference to help guide your studying but does not mean only what is on here will be on the midterm 

Covers:

●     Lab Safety

Microscopy lab ppt

• Calculating total objective = (Ocular lens magnification * objective lens magnification) Ocular lens is always 10x​

• The image you see is reversed ​

• If you move the specimen to the right, it moves left in your lens​

• If you move the specimen up, it moves down in your lens​

• As objective magnification increases, the incoming light decreases​

Microbial world lab ppt

Prokaryotes

• Diverse​

• Classified based on:​

  • Shape (Bacilli → rod, Cocci → spheres, Spirili → spiral)​

  • Locomotion (paramecium → cilia, amoeba → pseudopods, euglena → flagellum)​

  • Gram staining (Gram - pink, Gram + purple)​

• In 1977 they were divided into Archaea and Bacteria​

• Trichonympha in termites exhibit a mutualistic relationship where Trichonympha convert cellulose in wood into starches and sugars that the termite can use as nutrients. This fuels a continuous supply of energy-rich cellulose and a suitable environment in which to live.

Green revolution lab ppt

• Non-vascular plants:

  • Found in damp and moist areas

  • Lack specialized vascular tissues so they are low to the ground because of insufficient water and nutrient transport.

• Vascular plants:

  • Found anywhere on land

  • Contain lignified vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients.

• Antheridia (male sex organs) vs. Archegonia (female sex organs)

  

Seeds

• Gymnosperm seeds: Seeds mature on the outside of the cone; naked seeds

• Angiosperm seeds: Seeds mature on the inside of the cone.

Monocots vs. Dicots

The perfect flower:

Volvox

• Freshwater green algae with eyespots all around the outside

Brine shrimp lab ppt

●     Pre and post lab quizzes on Tophat

Topics to understand

What is considered proper lab safety? 

• Hair tied up

• Lab coat

• Closed-toe shoes

• Proper PPE

• Review safety protocols for all chemicals and specimens

• No food or drink in the lab

• Follow instructions

What are the different parts of a microscope and what do they do?

• Objectives: Provide magnfication, can be changed to go up or down in magnification using the nosepiece

• Oculars/Eyepieces: Where you look into

• Stage: Where you place the prepared slides

• Coarse focus adjustment knob: Focuses the slide at a greater margin

• Fine focus adjustment knob: Focuses the slide at a smaller margin

• Arm: Supports the eyepiece and the stage

• Base: Supports the whole microscope

• Condenser: Controls the focus of light entering the microscope

• Iris diaphragm: Controls the amount of light entering the microscope.

Difference between degree of magnification and total magnification.

• Degree of magnification → the degree to which the objective lens can magnify something (ex: 4x, 10x, etc)

• Total magnification → calculated by doing ocular * objective

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

• Bacilli: Rods

• Cocci: Spherical

• Spirillia: Spiral

Why do you use staining and what does color signify?

• Gram staining allows us to distinguish between gram + and - bacteria which differ in their cell wall structure.

  • Gram (-): Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by two membrane, outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides and proteins

  • Gram (+): One thick peptidoglycan layer.

• This allows us to pinpoint whether or not someone has a bacterial infection and how we can go about treating it.

What are the three domains of life and what characteristics make them different from one another?

• Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

• Bacteria are pathogenic, archaea are non-pathogenic, Eukarya are eukaryotic.

Characteristics of Paramecium, Amoeba and Euglena

• They are all eukaryotes, they differ in their method of locomotion

  • Paramecium → cilia

  • Amoeba → pseudopods

  • Euglena → flagellum

What organism lives within termites and what relationship does it have?

• Trichonympha; a symbiotic relationship with termites.

Difference between vascular and nonvascular plants?   

• Vascular plants have lignfied vascular tissues which allow them to transport water and nutrients across larger distances. This allows them to grow taller and have a more rigid structure

• Non-vascular plants do not have lignfied vascular tissue which force them to live close to the ground in shady, moist areas.

Volvox and its characteristics.      

• Freshwater green algae that has eyespots all around it’s perimeter

Moss Antheridia vs Moss Archegonia.

• Moss antheridia is the male sex organs of a plant

• Moss archegonia is the female sex organs of a plant

Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms.  

• Angiosperms are more diverse than gymnosperms

• Gymnosperm seeds mature on the outside of the cone; naked seeds

• Angiosperm seeds mature on the inside of the cone; fruit

What does the perfect flower have?

• Male and female sex organs. Stamen and Pistil

Characteristics of Fruit.

• Encase the seed

• Allow for better seed dispersal and provide nutrients to the seed

review pre and post lab quizzes

Mr