Knowt
Premodern Final Exam
- Mohammad: Founder and prophet of Islam
- Alcuin of York: Scholar who introduced Anglo-Saxon humanism to western Europe
- Innocent III: was a pope who was head of the Catholic church who expanded the pope authority
- John Wycliffe: English theologian who taught at University of Oxford who challenged the fundamental position of the medieval church: that the avenue to salvation passed through the church alone
- Jan Hus: advocated vernacular translations of the bible, which would be accessible to common people, and he upbraided the upper clergy for their luxury and immorality
- John Calvin: humans cannot do anything to be saved only through God
- Ignatius Loyola: Spanish reformed who created a new religious order, fused the intellectual rigor of humanism with a reformed Catholicism, forming a renewed spirituality with wide appeal
-Charlemagne: King of the Franks who united most of Europe
-William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy who claimed part of England
-Philip IV (of France): Engaged in a struggle with the papacy and summoned the Estates General
- Niccolò Machiavelli: attached the medieval and humanist tradition of theoretical politics , the first major modern political thinker
- Sir Thomas More: became Lord Chancellor in 1529 who was known for his wisdom
-Treaty of Verdun: Divided the Frankish Empire into 3 kingdoms
-Crusades: Military battles to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims
-Hundred Years’ War: Destructive conflict in medieval Europe
- Thirty Years’ War: religious struggle for mastery over the Holy Roman Empire
-Gregorian Reform: Reforms initiated by Pope Gregory
-Investiture Controversy: Disagreement between church and state over appointing church officials
-Great Schism: Split between Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches
-Desiderius Erasmus: Translated a new version of the New Testament
-Martin Luther: Translated the Bible into accessible language for all Christians
-Council of Trent: Strengthened the Catholic Church's doctrines
- Ferdinand and Isabella: Laid foundation for the Spanish Empire
- Charles V: Powerful monarch in Europe in 1519
- Philip II: Exposed strengths and weaknesses of the Spanish state
- Louis XIV: Bourbon king of France who centralized power
- Otto the Great: “Emperor of the Romans”, wanted to dominate Italy and the pope
- Henry VIII: lots of wives, separated Church of England from the church (Pope)
Peter the Great: Emperor of Russia known for modernizing the country
- Leviathan: Humans are naturally selfish and life without governance would be chaotic
- Social Contract: Agreement between ruler and people for mutual protection
- Liberalism: Philosophy based on individual rights, political equality, and private property
- Republicanism: built around the offie of a chief magistrate elected by the citizens on the basis of a broad franchise
Humanism: an educational and cultural program based on the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature
Neo-platonism: philosophical movement based on the ideas of Plato
Nicolaus Copernicus: Proposed heliocentric model of the solar system-
Johannes Kepler: Collaborated with Tycho Brahe on planetary motion
- Galileo Galilei: Demonstrated planets were material, not just orbs of light
- Isaac Newton: Formulated laws of universal gravitation
- Francis Bacon: Advocate for the usefulness of science
- René Descartes: Argued for science based on clear and distinct ideas
Mecca: holy city of Islam
Medina: one of the most sacred cities in Islam where Mohammad establish Islam
Magna Carta: the root of the uniquely English respect for basic rights and liberties
Black Death: deadly bubonic plague that occurred in Europe where it was extremely contagious and deadly
Babylonian Captivity (14th century): a time where the Jews were held captive in Babylon
Printing press: contributed to the spread of Renaissance ideas
Peace of Augsburg: when the strife between Catholics and Protestants was settled in Germany but not everyone was satisfied
Parliament: limited the king’s power, and the rights of the English people were protected by law and tradition.
Constitutional monarchy: form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions
English revolutions: refers to the profound changes that the English monarchical system underwent during the years 1642–60 and 1688.
Holy Roman Empire: one of Europe's largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation of small and medium-sized political entities
