3rd Quarter Notes
3I’s
Mixed Methods
Three approaches to research
1. Qualitative Research
- Exploring and understanding the meaning of individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem
- It is collected through interviews and participants
2. Quantitative Research
- Testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables
- It can be measured using instruments and numbered data can be analyzed using statistical procedures.
3. Mixed Methods
- Inquiry involving collecting both quanti and quali data integrating the two forms of data
- This involves philosophical assumptions and theoretical frameworks
Three components involved in an approach
Framework for research – Philosophical Worldviews, Designs and Research Methods
I. Philosophical Worldviews
- A basic set of beliefs that guides action
- Paradigm
- Epistemologies and ontologies
- Broadly conceived research methodologies
A. Four Worldviews
I. Postpositivism
- Determination
- Reductionism
- Empirical observation and measurement
- Theory verification
II. Transformative
- Political
- Power and justice oriented
- Collaborative
- Change oriented
III. Constructivism
- Understanding
- Multiple participant meanings
- Social and historical construction
- Theory generation
IV. Pragmatism
- Consequences of actions
- Problem-centered
- Pluralistic
- Real-world practice oriented
II. Research Designs
- Types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in a research study
- Denzin and Lincoln (2011) called them strategies of inquiry
A. Quantitaive Designs
- Strategies of inquiry associated with quantitative research were those that invoked the postpositvisit worldview and that originated mainly in psychology
- It includes:
- True experiments and less rigorous experiments called quasi-experiments
Non experimental quantitative research is casual-comparative research in which the investigator compares two or more groups in terms of a cause
- Another non experimental form of research is the correlational design in which investigators use the correlational statistic to describe and measure the degree or association between two or more variables.
B. Qualitative Designs
- The numbers and types of approaches have also become more clearly visible during the 1990s and into the 21st century.
- The historic origin for qualitative research comes from anthropology, sociology, humanities and evaluation
C. Mixed Methods Design
- It combines or integrated quali and quanti research and data in a research study. Quali data tends to be open-ended without redetermined responses while quanti data usually includes closed-ended responses such as found on questionnaires or psychological instruments.
- Mixed methods began in the middle to late 1980s
- In 1959, Campbell and Fisk used multiple methods to study psychological traits although their methods were only quanti measures. Their work prompted others to begin collecting multiple forms of data, such as observations and interviews (quali data) with traditional survey
Triangulating data sources – a means for seeking convergence across quali and quanti methods was born (Jirk,1979)
A. Convergent Mixed Methods
- the researcher converges or merges quanti and quali data in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research problem.
The investigator typically collects both forms of data at roughly the same time and then integrates the information in the interpretation of the overall results
B. Explanatory sequential mixed methods
- the researcher first conduct quanti research, analyzes the results and then builds on the results to explain them in more detail with quali research.
- it is considered explanatory because the initial quanti data results are explained ruther with quali data, it is considered sequential because the initial quanti phase is followed by the quali phase
- this type of design is popular in fields with strong qunati orientation
C. Exploratory sequential mixed methods
- in the exploratory sequential design. The researcher first begins with a quali research phase and xplores the views of participants. The data then are analyzed and the information used to build into a scond quanti phase. The quali phase may be used to build an instrument that best fits the sample under study, to identify appropriate instruments to use in the follow-up quanti phase, to develop an intervention for an experiment, to design an app or website or to specify variables that need to go into a follow-up quanti study.
RESEARCH DESIGN - QUALITATIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY - lived experience
CASE STUDY - certain problem/issue
GROUNDED THEORY - generate new theories
NARRATOLOGY - experience through certain event (day-to-day)
ETHNOGRAPHY - other tribes
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS - understanding analysis of text
HERMENEUTICS - study of origin
RESEARCH DESIGN - QUANTITATIVE
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
Descriptive RD
Descriptive Comparative RD
Descriptive-Correlation RD
EXPERIMENTAL
Experimenatal research design
Quasi-experimental research design
PE 4
Purpose of recreational activity - For fitness and enjoyment
Traditional Recreational Activities-
-Camping
-Yoga
-Hiking
-Laro ng Lahi (Philippine traditional games)
Before engaging in any recreational activities, one must have their warm-up exercise to increase flexibility and prevent injuries.
Recreational Activities that increase cardiovascular fitness:
-Swimming
-dancing
-Jump Ropes
Examples of Adventure Sports:
Mountaineering
Trekking
Climbing
Camping
Mountain Biking
Cycling - A low-impact recreational activity suitable for older individuals with joint issues
Team-building activities in recreational programs foster teamwork and cooperation
LESSON 1 BUSINESS ETHICS
NATURE AND FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
BUSINESS ETHICS
- the moral principles, policies, and values that govern the way business and individuals engage in business activity
8 SUCCESSFUL FILIPINO ENTREPRENEURS WHO STARTED SMALL
Chinese Philosopher LAO TZU, “The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single footstep.” All growth springs from the beginning. MAJOR historical changes didn’t occur overnight—they happened in GRADUAL STAGES, through slow, protracted movements.
1. Socorro Ramos - National Book Store
2. Tony Tan Caktiong - Jollibee
3. Edgar Sia - Mang Inasal
4. Cresida Tueres - Greenwich Pizza
5. Milagros, Clarita, Doris LEELIN - Goldlocks
6. Joe Magsaysay - Potato Corner
7. Asian Reyes - The Aristrocrat
8. Araceli & Jun MANAS - Hen Lin
1. NATIONAL BOOK STORE - Socorro Ramos
- entered the publishing & retail industry by working as a SALESGIRL at a BOOKSTORE.
- 19 yrs old, opened NBS in ESCOLTA with a CAPITAL OF ₱200, SELLING BOOKS & SCHOOL SUPPLIES to students.
- To augment their earnings, they resorted selling other items like CANDLES & SOAPS.
- 95 yrs old, BELIEVES in the time-honored tradition of “HAND-ON APPROACH”
2. JOLLIBEE - Tony Tan Caktiong
- USED to OPERATE a ICE CREAM PARLOR before converting it into a fast food restaurant called JOLLIBEE
- With a CAPITAL of ₱350,000
- Opened 2 BRANCHES in CUBAO & QUIAPO
- Serve hamburgers, fried chicken, and spaghetti to customers
- The business grew, excel as a FAST FOOD POWERHOUSE
3. MANG INASAL - Edgar Sia
- from ILOILO COTY, he dropped out of college to pursue his OWN LAUNDRY & PHOTO DEVELOPING BUSINESS at the age of 19 yrs old.
- In 2003, 26 yrs old Sia opened the barbecue fast food restaurant Mang Inasal — ilonggo for “MR. BARBECUE”
- TONY CAKTIONG decided to buy Mang Inasal for ₱5 BILLION
- AT 42, CONSIDERED THE YOUNGEST BILLIONAIRE
4. GREENWICH - Cresida Tueres
- in 1971, started it as a SMALL OVER-THE-COUNTER PIZAA store in greenhills.
- Jollibee Foods Corporation had a DEAL FOR IN 1994 to acquire 80% of Greenwich SHAREHOLDING
- In 1997, RECORD A SALE OF ₱1 BILLION
5. GOLDILOCKS - Milagros, Clarita, Doris Leelin
- MILAGROS & CLARITA loved baking and decides to pursue their passion into business with the help of their sister in law DORIS
- 1991, Goldilocks launched its franchising program
- As of 2015, bakeshop chain had ALMOST 400 STORES
- from a MODEST CAPITAL OF ₱66,000
- Multi-million food enterprise, with more than 4,000 employees
6. POTATO CORNER - Joe Magsaysay
- LEFT SCHOOL To bust tables, wash plates, work on the cash register at a fast food chain
- Became a MANAGER in a few years, handling 5 stores.
- Magsaysay’s FRIENDS asked him to handle POTATO CORNER
- Started the FOOD CART business in 1992
- Has more than 550 stall in the Ph and Worldwide
7. THE ARISTOCRAT - Asiang Reyes
- In 1930, started as a MOBILE CANTEEN in Araneta, serving sandwiches filled with adobo and other Filipino viands.
- Reyes created her own version of MERIENDA for park goers
- SUPPOSED TO NAME THE CANTEEN “ANDY” after her eldest son
- The canteen prospered and Reyes and her husband decided to turn it into a FULL-TIME RESTAURANT
8. HEN LIN - Araceli and Jun Manas
- Used recipes from a Chinese Chef
- CAPITAL OF P30,000
- Started HEN LIN IN 1983
- Jun worked for an insurance firm, araceli - bank
- AT NIGHT, they practiced making SIOMAI OR DUMPLINGS
- Opened FIRST STORE IN SM MAKATI, well received for DELICIOUS DIM SUM OFFERINGS
- BDO SME Loan can be your reliable financing partner
FORMS OF BUSINESS
- a business can be organized in several ways, and the forms its owners choose will affect the company’s and owners’ legal liability and income tax statement. More so, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these forms of businesses
- [ ] SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
- It is a business owned and operated by one individual. Sole proprietorships own all the assets of the business and the profits generated by it. They also assume complete responsibility for any of its liabilities or debts. In the eyes of the law and the public, you are the same with the business.
- [ ] PARTNERSHIP
- It is a legal relationship formed by the agreement between two or more individuals to carry on a business as co-owners.
- [ ] CORPORATION
- The corporation has a life of its own and does not dissolve when ownership changes. A corporation can be taxed; it can be sued; it can enter into contractual agreements. The owners of a corporation are its shareholders. The shareholders elect a board of directors to oversee the major policies and decisions.
[ ] LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY (LLC)
- An LLC is a limited liability company. This business structure protects the owner's assets from financial liability and provides some protection against personal liability.
NATURE OF BUSINESS
- A business entity is an organization ghat uses economic resources to provide goods or services to customers in exchange for money or other goods and services. Business organizations come in different types.
- [ ] SERVICE BUSINESS
- service type of business provides intangible products (products with no physical form). Service type firms offer professional skills, expertise, advice, and other similar products. Examples of service businesses are salons, repair shops, schools, banks, accounting firms, and law firms.
- [ ] MERCHANDISING BUSINESS
- This type of business buys products at wholesale prices and sells the same at retail prices. They are known as "buy and sell" businesses. They make a profit by selling the products at prices higher than their purchase costs.
- A merchandising business sells a product without changing its form. Examples are grocery stores, convenience stores, distributors, and other resellers.
[ ] MANUFACTURING BUSINESS
- Unlike a merchandising business, a manufacturing business buys products to use them to make a new product. Thus, there is a transformation of the products purchased.
- A manufacturing business combines raw materials, labor, and overhead costs in its production process. The manufactured goods will then be sold to customers.
[ ] HYBRID BUSINESS
- Hybrid businesses are companies that may be classified in more than one type of business. A restaurant, for example, combines ingredients in making a fine meal (manufacturing), sells a cold bottle of wine (merchandising), and fills customer orders (service).
LESSON 2
Core Principles in Business - Illustrate how fairness, accountability, transparency, and stewardship is observed in business and non-profit organizations
THE 8 VALUES EVERY COMPANY SHOULD LIVE BY:
1. Values are fundamental beliefs of an organization that dictate behavior and actions
2. Values help companies determine if they are on the right path to fulfilling their business goals
3. Every business needs to identify and acknowledge their values
8 VALUES THAT EVERY COMPANY SHOULD HAVE:
- [ ] PROBLEM SOLVER: Building a great company is about solving one problem after the next
- [ ] AMBITIOUS:
1. There are 3 types of people: people who want things to happen, people who watch things to happen, people who make things happen.
2. Ambition can be a powerful value if it leads people being change they want to see the world.
- [ ] TRANSPARENT: Too much at stake for a company to fall into the trap of PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE. Being honest, open, and direct in all conversations saves time.
- [ ] EMPATHETIC: Understanding challenges others face and helping thrive on hitting their goals
- [ ] ADAPTABLE: How well a person handles ambiguity/openness determines their success in changing the world.
- [ ] ACCOUNTABLE: Individual’s OBLIGATION to account for Taking responsibility for activities and transparently disclosing results. Own up actions.
- [ ] FOCUSED: Emphasizing this value creates an environment where people make PRODUCTIVITY WAVES VERSUS RIPPLES. Focused on doing too many things, it won’t do anything well.
- [ ] INTEGRABLE: INTEGRITY the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. Upholding oneself to consistently moral and ethical standards.
PAGE 13: THE HENRY SY PLAYBOOK: LESSONS FROM PHILIPPINES’S RICHEST MAN
1. From a SMALL SHOE STORE called SHOEMART that started operations on CARRIEDO in 1958.
2. Henry Sy Sr. founded the SM group, which has expanded over the next 60 years to include over 200 companies in the Philippines
3. SM Investments Corp., SM Prime Holdings Inc., and BDO Unibank are three of the most valuable companies in the Philippines
4. Henry Sy is the richest man in the Philippines with an estimated net worth of $20 billion. The world’s 52nd richest person.
5. Leadership at the SM group has transitioned to the second generation, with Jose Sio as the new chair of the conglomerate
PAGE 16: The SM Group's Recipe for Success
1. SET A LONG-TERM VISION: and invest in e-commerce and digital platforms. Target third-tier cities in China for mall expansion.
2. THINK BIG, START SMALL, MOVE FAST: to stay ahead of competitors. “Don’t be afraid to thing big, start small and move fast. If you don’t do that, OTHERS WILL JUST BE AHEAD OF YOU
3. WORK HARD: Sio cited a study that showed that the 1ST GENERATION Chinese family owned corporation is usually the fastest GROWING. Family-led corporation allows for quick decision-making. KNOW THE VALUE OF WORKING HARD
4. THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX: Find better than the normal formula/solution. HARVARD THEORY may not always be the BEST THEORY
5. BE AMBITIOUS: GO FOR THE LARGE SCALE, BE WILLING TO BE BOLD
- 1960’s, opened shoemart makati and cubao. 1972, Shoemart Manila on “Calle Echague” was transformed into the 1st of Sy’s DEPARTMENT STORES
- Opened 1ST MALL on EDSA in November 1985
6. BE CUSTOMER-FOCUSED - focus on what and where customers need, it is not you who will determine what they want. Responsibility to MAKE THINGS for CUSTOMERS
7. SEEK MARKET LEADERSHIP
- “We should focus on things that we know, where we have competitive advantage and target to be the market leader of that business,”
8. GO PUBLIC
- A big part of SM’s success can be attributed TO GOING PUBLIC.
- “If you want to move ahead, let’s go public. Use other people’s money. By going public, you can get at much as 30 times your income. Use that money and go public, then you can move faster.”
- unlocks the value of assets, provides real-time price discover, option to RAISE CAPITAL for EXPANSION OPPORTUNITIES
9. SET GOOD GOVERNANCE - this is good for business, COMPLIANCE with GOVERNMENT requirements and paying taxes is important
- The public listing also commits any company to a higher standard of corporate governance, transparency, and accountability. Good governance is good business, Sio said.
LESSON 3: CODE OF ETHICS
THE PURPOSE OF BUSINESS RULES
It is establishing rules in business benefits not only the organization but also its managers, employees, and customers. Rules help establish expectations and provide guidelines within which to conduct daily business activities. They also regulate compliance with local, state, and federal agencies that govern your particular business operation type.
ORGANIZATION
Rules help a company establish guiding
principles employees are expected to work with, and they set the tone for how the business operates and reflects the corporate philosophy. Business rules can include hiring criteria and how work schedules are set to specific company policies and procedures, customer interaction, and dispute mediation.
MANAGEMENT
If a conflict arises or a question about
operating procedures, a manager can turn to the rules to clarify the situation. For example, suppose an employee comes to a manager with a request to take vacation time. In that case, the manager can refer to the rules and advise her on the process for formally requesting vacation time through her immediate supervisor, human resources, or the scheduling department.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
It’s valuable to have rules in place if a dispute arises among staff members. For example, if a salesperson complains to a manager that another sales representative stole her lead, rules on how leads are generated and distributed can be reviewed and discussed. This allows a manager to make an educated call about who is in the right and administer discipline accordingly.
SAFETY
Having specific rules in place, particularly as they pertain to employees and customers' safety, is vital. Safety procedures, safe operating rules, and equipment use rules help guard against accident and injury and reduce its liability. For example, posting dress code requirements can help ensure employees who enter a manufacturing warehouse floor are wearing closed-toed shoes and safety goggles.
DECREASE ERRORS
Having all employees on the same page about how jobs function and setting rules to follow decreases errors and improve productivity. Operational rules can decrease the potential for misuse of company assets or a waste of resources. Such internal controls also can create more accurate accounting practices.
LITIGATION
Having company rules in place helps protect the business against potential litigation. Provided that managers follow the rules as outlined and can document their approach, the company is better positioned to protect itself if claims are launched in workplace bullying, harassment, and discrimination.
THE 5 BIGGEST
ETHICAL ISSUES
FACING BUSINESSES
According to the Global Business Ethics
Survey of 2018, employees (40%) believe
that their company has a weak learning
ethical culture, and that little progress has
been made to mitigate wrongdoing. Here
are some of the ethical issues in business
and real-world cases of how these ethical
issues have affected companies.
1. Accounting
- “Cooking the books” and otherwise conducting unethical accountingpractices is a serious problem, especially in publicly traded companies.
2. Social Media
-The widespread nature of social media has made it a factor in employee conduct online and after hours. Is it ethical for companies to fire or otherwise
punish employees for what they post about? Are social media posts counted as “free speech”? The line is complicated, but it is drawn when an employee’s online activities are considered disloyal to the employer, meaning that a Facebook post
would go beyond complaining about work and instead do something to reduce business.
3. Harassment and Discrimination
-Racial discrimination, sexual harassment, wage inequality – these are all costly ethical issues that employers and employees encounter daily across the country.
4. Health and Safety
-Physical harm isn’t the only safety issue to be aware of, though. In 2019, the rise of “psychosocial risks” and work-related stress. These risks, which include factors like job insecurity, high demands, effort-reward imbalance, and low autonomy, have been associated with health-related behavioral risks, including a sedentary lifestyle, heavy alcohol consumption, increased cigarette smoking, and eating disorders.
5. Technology/Privacy
-With developments in technological security capability, employers can now monitor their employees’ activity on their computers and other company-provided electronic devices. Electronic surveillance is supposed to ensure efficiency and productivity, but when does it cross the line and become spies? Companies can legally monitor your company email and internet browser history.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 11232
- An Act Providing for the Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines
TITLE II - INCORPORATION AND ORGANIZATION OF PRIVATE CORPORATIONS
Chapter 5Section 10. Number and Qualifications of Incorporators. - Any person, partnership, association or corporation, singly or jointly with others but not more than fifteen (15) in number, may organize a corporation for any lawful purpose or purposes: Provided, That natural persons who are licensed to practice a profession, and partnerships or associations organized for the purpose of practicing a profession, shall not be allowed to organize as a corporation unless otherwise provided under special laws. Incorporators who are natural persons must be of legal age.
Each incorporator of a stock corporation must own or be a subscriber to at least one (1) share of the capital stock.
A corporation with a single stockholder is considered a One Person Corporation as described in Title XIII, Chapter III of this Code.
Section 11. Corporate Term. - A corporation shall have perpetual existence unless its articles of incorporation provides otherwise.
Corporations with certificates of incorporation issued prior to the effectivity of this Code and which continue to exist shall have perpetual existence, unless the corporation, upon a vote of its stockholders representing a majority of its articles of incorporation: Provided, That any change in the corporate right of dissenting stockholders in accordance with the provisions of this Code.
A corporate term for a specific period may be extended or shortened by amending the articles of incorporation: Provided, That no extension may be made earlier than three (3) years prior to the original or subsequent expiry date(s) unless there are justifiable reasons for an earlier extension as may be determined by the Commission: Provided, further, That such extension of the corporate term shall take effect only on the day following the original or subsequent expiry date(s).
A corporation whose term has expired may apply for revival of its corporate existence, together with all the rights and privileges under its certificate of incorporation and subject to all of its duties, debts and liabilities existing prior to its revival. Upon approval by the Commission, the corporation shall be deemed revived and a certificate of revival of corporate existence shall be issued, giving it perpetual existence, unless its application for revival provides otherwise.
Section 13. Contents of the Articles of Incorporation. - All corporations shall file with the Commission articles of incorporation in any of the official languages, duly signed and acknowledged or authenticated, in such form and manner as may be allowed by the Commission, containing substantially the following matters, except as otherwise prescribed by this Code or by special law:
(a) The name of the corporation;
(b) The specific purpose or purposes for which the corporation is being formed. Where a corporation has more than one stated purpose, the articles of incorporation shall indicate the primary purpose and the secondary purpose or purposes: Provided, that a nonstock corporation may not include a purpose which would change or contradict its nature as such;
(c) The place where the principal office of the corporation is to be located, which must be within the Philippines;
(d) The term for which the corporation is to exist if the corporation has not elected perpetual existence;
(e) The names, nationalities, and residence addresses of the incorporators;
(f) The number of directors, which shall not be more than fifteen (15) or the number of trustees which may be more than fifteen (15);
(g) The names, nationalities, and residence addresses of persons who shall act as directors or trustees until the first regular directors or trustees are duly elected and qualified following this Code;
(h) If it is a stock corporation, the amount of its authorized capital stock, number of shares into
which it is divided, the par value of each, names, nationalities, and subscribers, the amount
subscribed and paid by each on the subscription, and a statement that some or all of the shares are without par value, if applicable;
(i) If it is a nonstock corporation, the amount of its capital, the names, nationalities, and residence addresses of the contributors, and amount contributed by each; and
(j) Such other matters consistent with law and which the incorporators may deem necessary and convenient.
An arbitration agreement may be provided in the articles of
incorporation according to Section 181 of this Code
The Articles of incorporation and applications for amendments
thereto may be filed with the Commission in the form of an
electronic document, following the Commission's rule and
regulations on electronic filing.