Lecture Review Flashcards

Digestion

  • Digestion locations:

    • Mouth: Sugars are digested in the mouth.

    • Stomach: Proteins are digested in the stomach.

    • Small Intestine: Carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine.

  • Course of food through the digestive system:

    • Mouth

    • Lower Esophageal Sphincter

    • Stomach

    • Pyloric Sphincter

    • Duodenum

    • Jejunum

    • Ileum

    • Colon

    • Rectum

  • Enzymes for Carbohydrate Digestion: amylase, proteases, lipases

pH Regulation

  • pH Homeostasis: Blood Buffers, Kidneys, Breathing

  • Neutral pH: 7

Labeling Structures

  • Digestive System

    Image result for digestive system labeled

    GU (Gastro-Urinary) System

    The Genitourinary System (TM) - Trivium Test Prep Online Courses

  • Male Reproductive System

    Female Reproductive System

    The Female Reproductive System Stock Vector

Aldosterone and ADH

  • Function: Both cause the reabsorption of water.

  • Aldosterone: Salt-saving hormone; prevents sodium excretion (sodium is the most abundant extracellular ion).

    • Reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule.

  • ADH: Reabsorption occurs in the collecting duct.

  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Most normal fluid reabsorption occurs here.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

  • Kidney's Role: When red blood cells decrease, the kidney secretes erythropoietin (EPO).

  • EPO Function: Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

  • Kidney Damage Implications: Patients with kidney damage or failure may become anemic due to decreased EPO production

Genitourinary System Terminology

  • Polyuria: Excess amount of urine.

  • Anuria: No urine production.

  • Hematuria: Blood in the urine.

Bile

  • Synthesis: Bile is synthesized in the liver.

  • Storage and Secretion: Bile is stored and secreted from the gallbladder; the gallbladder concentrates it.

Nephron Function

  • Reabsorption: Movement of materials from the renal tubules (proximal tubule, distal tubule) back into the blood.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

  • Activation: Causes increased fluid reabsorption.

  • Effects:

    • Increases blood volume.

    • Increases blood pressure.

Movement of Food

  • Peristalsis: The process of food moving through the GI system.

Body Temperature Regulation

  • Cooling Down: Vasodilation

  • Increasing Temperature: Vasoconstriction

Other Key Points

  • Calcium: Required for bones, teeth, and (look up the additional function).

  • Folic Acid: Found in greens and liver.

  • Aerobic Phase of Glucose Metabolism: Occurs in the mitochondria.

  • Anaerobic Phase of Glucose Metabolism: Occurs in the cytoplasm.

  • Cellular Catabolism: Glucose + Oxygen → ATP + H2O + CO2

  • Vitamin K: Know its benefits and uses.

Blood Sugar

  • Low Blood Sugar: Give simple sugars for quick increase.

  • Examples of Simple Sugars: Fruits (e.g., apple, grapes, strawberries, peach), orange juice.