Untitled Flashcards Set

Here is a more detailed set of 50 flashcards for your anatomy lecture.

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### Flashcard 1

Q: What is ATP and why is it important in cellular processes?

A: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular functions.

### Flashcard 2

Q: How is ATP generated in cells?

A: Through cellular respiration, which takes energy from nutrients to convert ADP back into ATP.

### Flashcard 3

Q: Why do cells need to produce ATP continuously?

A: Because cells cannot store large amounts of ATP and constantly use it for energy.

### Flashcard 4

Q: What are aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen and produces less ATP.

### Flashcard 5

Q: How much more ATP does aerobic respiration produce compared to anaerobic?

A: Aerobic respiration produces about 20 times more ATP per glucose molecule.

### Flashcard 6

Q: What is the primary role of the respiratory system in cellular respiration?

A: To supply oxygen for aerobic respiration and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product.

### Flashcard 7

Q: What are the four processes of respiration?

A: Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, and internal respiration.

### Flashcard 8

Q: Define pulmonary ventilation.

A: The act of moving air in and out of the lungs, also known as breathing.

### Flashcard 9

Q: What is external respiration?

A: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood.

### Flashcard 10

Q: What is the role of the circulatory system in respiration?

A: It transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.

### Flashcard 11

Q: Describe internal respiration.

A: The exchange of gases between blood and tissues.

### Flashcard 12

Q: What organs make up the respiratory tract?

A: The nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

### Flashcard 13

Q: What are the nasal conchae and their function?

A: Bony structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm, moisten, and filter air.

### Flashcard 14

Q: What is the purpose of cilia in the respiratory tract?

A: To move mucus toward the throat for removal, helping clear debris from the airways.

### Flashcard 15

Q: Define the respiratory zone.

A: The part of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs, including alveoli.

### Flashcard 16

Q: What is the conducting zone?

A: The part of the respiratory system that transports air to the respiratory zone without gas exchange.

### Flashcard 17

Q: What structures are part of the conducting zone?

A: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

### Flashcard 18

Q: What is the role of alveoli in the lungs?

A: Tiny sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood.

### Flashcard 19

Q: Describe the pleura and its layers.

A: A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, with a visceral layer on the lung surface and a parietal layer on the chest wall.

### Flashcard 20

Q: What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A: To reduce friction and allow smooth lung movement during breathing.

### Flashcard 21

Q: What is Boyle's Law?

A: A principle stating that pressure and volume of gas vary inversely; this relationship aids in lung inflation and deflation.

### Flashcard 22

Q: How does Boyle's Law apply to breathing?

A: When lung volume increases, pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in; when volume decreases, pressure increases, pushing air out.

### Flashcard 23

Q: What muscles are primarily involved in inhalation?

A: The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

### Flashcard 24

Q: How does the diaphragm aid in breathing?

A: It contracts and flattens, increasing chest cavity space to draw air into the lungs.

### Flashcard 25

Q: What is forced inspiration?

A: A deep, active breathing process using accessory muscles to allow greater lung expansion.

### Flashcard 26

Q: What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

A: It reduces surface tension in alveoli, making it easier for them to inflate during breathing.

### Flashcard 27

Q: Why might premature infants have trouble breathing?

A: They may lack surfactant, leading to collapsed alveoli and respiratory distress.

### Flashcard 28

Q: Define lung compliance.

A: The ability of the lungs to expand with ease during inhalation.

### Flashcard 29

Q: What is lung elasticity?

A: The ability of the lungs to return to their original shape after being stretched.

### Flashcard 30

Q: What is the anatomical structure of the trachea?

A: A tube supported by C-shaped cartilage rings, connecting the larynx to the bronchi.

### Flashcard 31

Q: How does the trachea function in the respiratory system?

A: It conducts air to and from the lungs while staying open due to cartilage rings.

### Flashcard 32

Q: What happens when the trachealis muscle contracts?

A: It helps expel mucus from the trachea during coughing.

### Flashcard 33

Q: What are the primary bronchi?

A: The two main branches of the trachea that enter each lung.

### Flashcard 34

Q: Describe the difference between the left and right main bronchi.

A: The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical, while the left is longer and narrower.

### Flashcard 35

Q: What is the respiratory membrane?

A: The thin barrier between alveoli and capillaries, allowing gas exchange.

### Flashcard 36

Q: What are Type I alveolar cells?

A: Thin, flat cells that form the walls of alveoli for efficient gas exchange.

### Flashcard 37

Q: What is the role of Type II alveolar cells?

A: They secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension in alveoli.

### Flashcard 38

Q: What is the significance of macrophages in the alveoli?

A: They are immune cells that remove debris and pathogens from the alveoli.

### Flashcard 39

Q: Define pneumothorax.

A: A condition where air enters the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse.

### Flashcard 40

Q: What is the hilum of the lung?

A: The area where bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.

### Flashcard 41

Q: How many lobes does each lung have?

A: The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.

### Flashcard 42

Q: What is the cardiac notch?

A: An indentation in the left lung that accommodates the heart.

### Flashcard 43

Q: Describe the difference in blood flow between pulmonary and systemic circulation.

A: Pulmonary circulation is lower pressure and serves only the lungs, while systemic circulation serves the rest of the body at higher pressure.

### Flashcard 44

Q: What is the function of pulmonary arteries?

A: To carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

### Flashcard 45

Q: What role do pulmonary veins play?

A: They return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

### Flashcard 46

Q: What are bronchial arteries and their function?

A: Vessels that supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue.

### Flashcard 47

Q: What is the mucociliary escalator?

A: A mechanism where cilia move mucus toward the throat for clearance, helping keep the respiratory tract clean.

### Flashcard 48

Q: What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A: The pressure within the alveoli that fluctuates with breathing.

### Flashcard 49

Q: What is intrapleural pressure and its importance?

A: The pressure within the pleural cavity; it is always slightly negative to keep lungs inflated.

### Flashcard 50

Q: What is atelectasis?

A: The collapse of part or all of a lung, often due to blocked airways or fluid in the pleural cavity.

### Flashcard 51

Q: Explain the role of intercostal muscles in breathing.

A: They expand and contract the rib cage, assisting in lung expansion and deflation.

### Flashcard 52

Q: What is the function of the epiglottis?

A: A flap that closes over the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.

### Flashcard 53

Q: What is the larynx and its main functions?

A: The "voice box"