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What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? - A) establishment of a proton gradient
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate - B) 2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP? - D) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II? - D) The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water.
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to - B) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? - E) FADH2
Which of the following is likely to lead to an increase in the concentration of ATP in a cell? - B) an increase in a cell's catabolic activity
What wavelength of light in the figure is most effective in driving photosynthesis? - A) 420 mm
Figure 10.1 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different? - D) Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? - B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? - D) A and C....thylakoid membrane & plasma membrane
Where does the Calvin cycle take place? - A) stroma of the chloroplast
Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of - B) 3-phosphoglycerate molecules
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? - D) glycolysis
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration? - B) They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2 .
What are the products of linear photophosphorylation? - C) ATP and NADPH
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by - A) substrate-level phosphorylation.
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction - B) loses electrons and loses energy.
Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? - D) a food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules
When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes - C) reduced.
What is proton-motive force? - B) the transmembrane proton concentration gradient
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they - fix CO2 into organic acids during the night.
A molecule that is phosphorylated - has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? - glycolysis
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of - ATP, CO2 , and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? - substrate-level phosphorylation
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from? - cyclic electron flow
Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells? - thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during - both photosynthesis and respiration.
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? - H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? - Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? - 2
Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during - both photosynthesis and respiration.
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? - citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
Reduction of NADP+ occurs during - photosynthesis.
Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2 ) is present? - glycolysis
Which of the following statements describes NAD+ - NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the - creation of a proton gradient.
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? - chemiosmotic phosphorylation
In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a 6 carbon molecule, which is then - regeneration of rubisco
In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules? - harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? - mitochondrial matrix
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6 ) in cellular respiration? - 76
P680+
is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Why? - This molecule results from the transfer of an electron to the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II and strongly attracts another electron
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? - synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following? - splitting the water molecules
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes? - the synthesis of ATP
How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle? - 4 FADH2 and 12 NADH
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2 ) from one molecule of pyruvate? - acetyl CoA
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from - the stroma to the thylakoid space
Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis? - light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll
Where does glycolysis takes place? - cytosol
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? - catabolism
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during - neither photosynthesis nor respiration
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? - NADH and pyruvate
The sugar that results from three "turns" of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following is a consequence of this? - The formation of starch in plants involves assembling many G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements.
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? - mitochondrial inner membrane
Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I? - receiving electrons from plastocyanin
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? - The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence? - food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? - mitochondrial intermembrane space
Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6 ) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2 ) are required? - 6
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? - ATP and NADPH