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Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Flashcards

Functional Groups

Alkane

  • Functional group: None (only C-C and C-H bonds)

  • Class: Alkane (Saturated hydrocarbon)

  • Suffix: -ane

  • General Formula: CnH{2n+2}, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

  • Example: Nonane ( C9H{20} )

  • Properties: Relatively unreactive, nonpolar.

  • Common Reactions: Combustion, halogenation.

Alkene

  • Functional group: Alkene (Carbon-carbon double bond)

  • Class: Alkene (Unsaturated hydrocarbon)

  • Suffix: -ene

  • General Formula: CnH{2n}, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

  • Example: Dec-2-ene

  • Properties: More reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.

  • Common Reactions: Addition reactions (e.g., hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration).

Alkyne

  • Functional group: Alkyne (Carbon-carbon triple bond)

  • Class: Alkyne (Unsaturated hydrocarbon)

  • Suffix: -yne

  • General Formula: CnH{2n-2}, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

  • Example: Oct-3-yne

  • Properties: Highly reactive due to the presence of the triple bond.

  • Common Reactions: Addition reactions (e.g., hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration).

Arene (Aromatic)

  • Functional group: Arene (aromatic ring, typically benzene ring)

  • Class: Arene (Aromatic hydrocarbon)

  • Suffix: -ene

  • Example: Benzene

  • Properties: Highly stable due to resonance stabilization.

  • Common Reactions: Electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Haloalkane

  • Functional group: Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)

  • Class: Haloalkane (Alkyl halide)

  • Prefix: halo- (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)

  • Suffix: -ane

  • Example: 2-chlorobutane

  • Properties: Polar, can undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.

  • Common Reactions: SN1, SN2, E1, E2 reactions.

Amine

  • Functional group: Amino (-NH2, -NHR, -NR2)

  • Class: Amine

  • Suffix: -amine

  • Example: Heptan-3-amine

  • Properties: Basic, can act as nucleophiles.

  • Common Reactions: Alkylation, acylation.

Alcohol

  • Functional group: Hydroxyl (-OH)

  • Class: Alcohol

  • Suffix: -ol

  • Example: Pentan-2-ol

  • Properties: Polar, can form hydrogen bonds.

  • Common Reactions: Oxidation, esterification, dehydration.

Ether

  • Functional group: Ether (-O-)

  • Class: Ether

  • Prefix: Alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy)

  • Suffix: -alkane

  • Example: 2-methoxypropane

  • Properties: Relatively unreactive, polar.

Aldehyde

  • Functional group: Aldehyde (-CHO)

  • Class: Aldehyde

  • Suffix: -al

  • Example: Heptanal

  • Properties: Highly reactive, can be easily oxidized.

  • Common Reactions: Nucleophilic addition, oxidation.

Ketone

  • Functional group: Ketone (C=O)

  • Class: Ketone

  • Suffix: -one

  • Example: Pentan-2-one

  • Properties: Less reactive than aldehydes, but still reactive.

  • Common Reactions: Nucleophilic addition.

Carboxylic Acid

  • Functional group: Carboxyl (-COOH)

  • Class: Carboxylic acid

  • Suffix: -oic acid

  • Example: Hexanoic acid

  • Properties: Acidic, can form hydrogen bonds.

  • Common Reactions: Esterification, amide formation.

Ester

  • Functional group: Ester (-COOR)

  • Class: Ester

  • Suffix: -oate

  • Example: Propyl ethanoate

  • Properties: Polar, fragrant.

  • Common Reactions: Hydrolysis, transesterification.

Amide

  • Functional group: Amido (-CONR_2)

  • Class: Amide

  • Suffix: -amide

  • Example: N-methylpropanamide

  • Properties: Polar, can form hydrogen bonds.

  • Common Reactions: Hydrolysis.