Amendments

1st Amendment: Protects freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment: Ensures the right to bear arms.

3rd Amendment: Prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes.

4th Amendment: Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

5th Amendment: Guarantees due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and eminent domain.

6th Amendment: Ensures the right to a fair and speedy trial.

7th Amendment: Provides for the right to trial by jury in civil cases.

8th Amendment: Prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th Amendment: States that rights not enumerated in the Constitution are retained by the people.

10th Amendment: Limits the powers of the federal government to those delegated to it by the Constitution.

14th Amendment: Guarantees equal protection under the law and due process, incorporating federal laws into states.

• Selective Incorporation

  • Selective incorporation is the process through which the Supreme Court applies the protections of the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause. It ensures that fundamental rights are protected at both state and federal levels, gradually incorporating these rights into state laws.

• Civil Rights - equal protection and due process clauses

  • Equal Protection Clause: Found in the 14th Amendment, ensures all individuals are treated equally under the law.

  • Due Process Clause: Guarantees fair treatment and procedures by the government.

15th Amendment: Prohibits the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous servitude.

17th Amendment: Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote.

19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote.

24th Amendment: Abolished poll taxes in federal elections.

26th Amendment: Lowered the voting age to 18.