Untitled Flashcards Set

Rivonia Trial: 11-month trial that began in 1963 to determine Mandela’s innocence or guilt of

“recruiting and training for the purpose of sabotage and violent revolution.”; Mandela was

convicted and sentenced to life in prison

Youth League: organization created in 1944 to be a more active and militant wing of the ANC

Spear of the Nation: armed wing of the ANC formed in 1961 to combat, by using violent

methods, the ruthless oppression by the government

Sharpeville Massacre: 1960 tragedy in which approximately 250 protestors, responding to a call

by the Pan African Congress to allow themselves to be arrested in hopes of overcrowding the

jails, were killed or wounded by police who felt threatened by protestors numbering in the

thousands

Freedom Charter: 1953 manifesto that would define the future democratic South Africa as

envisioned by black South African by outlining a bill of rights for all South Africans

SASO: “South African Students Organization”; formed in 1969 by Steve Biko who questioned

white participation in a black liberation movement and believed that oppression was a

psychological problem

African National Congress: union formed in 1912 and joined by Mandela in 1944 that was

created to urge black South Africans to unite against the white Afrikaner government

Children’s Crusade: 1976 protest against inequalities in education, specifically that some

subjects would be taught in Afrikaans

Defiance Campaign: first nationwide protest against apartheid by the ANC in 1952 that called

for people to defy oppressive laws

Treason Trial: 1956 trial of 156 defendants accused of treason for drafting the Freedom Charter;

lasted about 4.5 years and resulted in the acquittal of all