intro to bio exam 1

Biosphere,earth's includes all life and the places where it exists Ecosystems,consists of all living organisms in a particular area and all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, and light Communities,all organisms in a tide pool (iguanas, crabs, seaweed, bacteria, etc) Populations,withint the community are various groups of interacting individuals of one species, such as a group of iguanas Organisms,an individual living thing, like an iguana Tissues,each organ is made up of several different ______, such as the heart ______, such as the heart muscle _______. A ______ consists of a group of similiar cells performing a specific function. Cells,the ____ is the smallest unit that can display all the characteristic of life Organelles,functional components of calls such as the nucleus, that houses the DNA Molecules and Atoms,the chemical level in the hierarchy. _____ are clusters of even smaller chemical units called _____. Bacteria and Archaea,single-celled organism that tend to be in groups Evolution,biology's unifying theme Natural selection,works at population level. Darwin. environment selects only certain heritable traits from those already existing Scientific method,observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, and predicted result Science,way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world that is based on inquiry Discovery science,enables us to describe life at its many levels Hypothesis,a tentative answer to a question -- an explanation on trial Controlled experiment,an experiment designed to compare an experimental group (the patients who had a heart attack) with a control group (patients who did not have a heart attack) Theory,much broader than hypothesis Matter,anything that occupies space and has mass. found in 3 states: solid, liquid, and gas Element,a substance that cannot be broken down into other substance by chemical reactions Trace elements,required only in small amounts, but cannot live without them Proton,a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge Electron,a subatomic particle with a single negative charge Neutron,electrically neutral (has no charge) Nucleus,the atom's central core Atomic #,the # of protons in an atom, determines which element it is. Protons + neutrons Mass,a measure of the amount of material in an object Mass #,the sum of the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Isotopes,forms of an element that differ in mass Chemical bonds,interactions of atoms staying close together, held by these attractions Ions,atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons Ionic bond,the attractions between oppositely charged ions. remove extra ion for negative charge Covelant bond,forms when 2 atoms share one or more PAIRS of outer-shell electrons. hydron has 4 covelant bonds Polar molecule,one with an uneven distribution of charge hydrogen bonds,the polarity of water equals in weak electrical attraction between neighboring water molecules chemical reactions,change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds reactants,the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction products,the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction wtaer's life supporting properties,the cohesive nature of water, the ability of water to moderate temperature, the biological significance of ice floating, and the versatility of water as a solvent cohesion,the tendency of molecules of the same kind sticking together heat,amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter temperature,measures the intensity of heat, the average speed of molecules rather than the total amount of heat energy in a body of matter evaporative cooling,The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state. solution,a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances solvent,the dissolving agent solute,any substance that is dissolved acid,a chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution base,a compound that accepts H+ and removes them from the solution pH scale,a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution buffers,substances that minimizes changes in pH by accepting H+ when that ion is in excess and donating H+ when it is depleted organic compounds,carbon-based molecules hydrocarbons,organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen functional groups,group of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions in an organic molecule macromolecules,four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) polymers,large molecules made by stringing together many small molecules monomers,small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers dehydration,a chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water hydrolysis,a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds carbohydrates,class of molecules that includes sugars and polymers of sugar. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen monosaccharides,simple sugars that are the monomers of carbohydrates; they cant be broken down into smaller sugars isomers,molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures disaccharide,double sugar constructed from 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction polysaccharides,long chains of sugars -- polymers of monosaccharides starch,consists of long strings of glucose monomers glycogen,a more extensively branched polymer of glucose monomers cellulose,the most abundant organic compound on Earth, forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and is a major component of wood and other structural components of plants lipids,energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen hydrophobic,do not mix with water (water-fearing) fat,consists of a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid molecules via dehydration reactions unsaturated,having less than the maximum number of hydrogens, like fatty acids and fats with double bonds saturated,that they contain the maximum # of hydrogen atoms, giving them a straight shape trans fat,a type of unsaturated fat that is particularly bad for your health steroids,hydrophobic; carbon skeleton with 4 rings; ex. sex hormones estrogen and testosterone anabolic steroids,synthetic variants of testosterone protein,a polymer of amino acid monomers peptide bond,the bond between adjacent amino acids polypeptide,long chain of amino acids primary structure,The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. secondary structure,certain stretches of the polypeptide form local patterns. 2 types are: helix and pleated sheet denaturation,A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors. if the primary structure of a protein folds incorrectly, it can cause,some severe nervous disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, mad cow disease, and Parkinson's disease gene,a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide double helix,2 polynucleotide strands prokaryotic cells,found in the organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea eukaryotic cells,protists, plants, fungi, and animals are composed of this plasma membrane,all cells are bounded by this barrier cytosol,inside all cells; cellular components are suspended chromosomes,threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes ribosomes,build proteins according to instructions from the genes organelles,only eukaryotic cells have this; membrane enclosed structures that perform specific functions nucleus,houses most of a eukaryotic cells DNA and is surrounding by a double membrane nucleoid,A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. cytoplasm,the entire region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane phospholipids,Have two, rather than three, fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol phospholipid bilayer,double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes fluid mosaic,fluid because the molecules can move freely past another and a mosaic because of the diversity of proteins that float like iceburgs in a phospholipid sea extracellular matrix,layer that holds the cell together in tissues, and can also protect and support cell junctions,structures that connect cells together into tissues, allowing them to function in a coordinated way nuclear envelope,a double mebrane that sperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm chromatin,long DNA molecules and associated proteins from fibers within the nucleus nucleolus,a prominent structure within the nucleus; where the components of ribosomes are made endomembrane system,The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. endoplasmic reticulum,A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. rough ER,ribosomes that stud the outside of its membrane transport vesicles,sace made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER smooth ER,no ribosomes on outside of membrane golgi apparatus,receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell lysosomes,membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells vacuoles,large sacs of membrane that bud from the ER, golgi appaatus, or plasma membrane central vacuole,stores organic nutrients; may conatin pigments that attract pollinating insects; may contain poisons that protect against plant-eating animals chloroplast,organelles that perform photosynthesis stroma,the space between the 2 membranes that surround the chloroplast grana,the interior of a network of membrane enclosed disks and tubes mitochondria,the organelles of cellular respiration in nearly all cells matrix,thick fluid in the envelope of 2 membranes that encloses the mitochondria cristae,numerous infoldings in the inner membrane of the envelope microtubule,straight, hollow tubes comprised of proteins cytoskeleton,network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm flagella,long, often occur singly, and propel cells through their undulating, whiplike movement cilia,shorter and more numerous and promote movement by a coordinated back-and-forth motion kinetic energy,The energy of motion potential energy,energy that as object has because of its location or structure chemical energy,that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction ATP,consists of an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of 3 phosphate groups ADP,an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage enzymes,proteins that speed up chemical reactions activation energy,activates the reactants and triggers the chemical reaction substrate,enzymes ability to recognize a certain reactant molecule active site,has a shape and chemistry that fit the substrate model induced fit,The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. enzyme inhibitors,substrate imposters that plug up the active site transport protein,membrane proteins that help move substances across the membrane diffusion,movement of molecules spreading out evenly into the available space passive transport,transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion concentration gradient,a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance facilitated diffusion,the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins omsomis,diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane hypertonic,(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution hypotonic,(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution isotonic,solutions of equal solute concentrations active transport,requires that a cell expend energyto move molecules across a membrane autotrophs,self feeders heterotrophs,other feeders producers,autotrophs comsumers,obtain their food by eating plants or other animals aerobic,requires oxygen cellular respiration,the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules NADH,the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration electron transport chain,A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. 3 steps of cellular respiration,glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport