self and identity exam 3

Race: social group based on physical similarities

Ethnicity: social group based on shared culture and beliefs

Racial identity: self-concept importance of a social group that is based on physical similarities

Ethnic identity: self-concept importance of a social group based on shared culture

Pre-encounter: limited importance placed on own race and acceptance of white culture

Encounter: attempt to deal with the reality of being a part of a racial group that experiences discrimination

Immersion: rejection of white culture and involvement in the history and culture of own racial group

Internalization: sense of security in one’s racial identity that allows for interracial friendships

Double consciousness: the cognitive dissonance experienced when acknowledging society’s negative view of Black Americans while having a positive view of being Black

Accentuation effect: viewing objects in different categories having a larger difference than objects within a category having a smaller difference

Minimal group paradigm: experiment creation group membership based on an arbitrary criterion

Intergroup bias: more positive evaluation of ingroup than outgroup

Ingroup favoritism: positive evaluation of one’s own group

Outgroup derogation: negative evaluation of outgroup

Individual mobility: attempt to move from a devalued group to a valued one

Social creativity: redefining intergroup comparison to avoid social identity threat

Social competition: engaging in collective action to change the social system

Code switching: changes behaviors related to ethnicity in contexts where it is devalued

Communal: being open and concerned with others, feminine

Agentic: self-protective, assertive, and in control, masculine

Gender belief system: set of ideas on how men and women should behave

Gender polarization: what is feminine is not masculine, what is masculine is not feminine

Gender social identity: self-concept importance of one’s chosen gender group

Gender constancy: cognitive understanding that biological sex is fixed and cannot change

Gender schema: cognirep of self in terms of gender expectations

Passive acceptance: endorsement of status quo and denial of sexism

Revelation: awareness of existence of sexism and its effects on women

Embeddedness-emanation: immersion of women’s issues followed by emergence from this focus

Synthesis: fully achieved feminist identity

Person-group discrepancy: when a low status member sees discrimination against their group but not against themselves.

Attributional complexity: when someone prefers complicated explanations over simpler ones for social behavior

Meritocracy: those with better skills should be rewarded better

Social power: meet or block needs

Social dominance orientation: preference for power differences between groups despite the power level one’s group may have

Principled conservatism: rejection of social justice policy because of the differential treatment of groups regardless of who the groups are

Socialization: influence on self development from immediate environments and others

Enculturation: influence on self development from exposure to broader institutions and practices within a large body of people

Self-construal: how people perceive their self in relation to others based on cultural norms

Independent self-construal: perception of one’s self as separate and unique from others

Interdependent self-construal: perception of one’s self as connected with others and embedded in a network of social relations

Cushion hypothesis: members of an interdependent culture are more likely to receive help when needed

Acculturation: process of learning and adapting to a new culture

Sojourner: person who is temporarily living out of their culture of origin

Acculturative stress: uncertainty from navigating away from culture of origin to a new culture

Assimilation: forcing new member of culture to abandon their enculturation and accept new culture

Accommodation: embracing a member of a new culture

Mainstream minority model: culture has a dominant society and one or more minority groups on the side

Multicultural model: culture as a combination of various ethnic/culture groups

Remooring: anchoring an identity to new social supports when environment changes

Sanchez et al. 2009:

• Hypothesis 1: malleable racial identification among multiracial people would result in lower psychological well being

• Results 1: people with Asian/white reported greater malleable racial identification, malleable racial identification was associated with higher depressive symptoms,

• Hypothesis 2: relationship between malleable racial identification and mental well being can be explained by unstable attitudes towards multiracial background

• Results 2: hypotheses, malleable racial identification no longer predicted depressive symptoms when path between multiracial regard and psychological health was included, centrality was correlated with malleable racial identification but was not a predictor of psychological health or unstable regard, having stable racial self-concept is important for multiracial mental well being

• Hypothesis 3: Asian multiracial will have the greatest fluidity but have tolerance for ambiguity that it will not cause negative outcomes

• Results 3: supported hypothesis

Boisnier 2003:

• Hypothesis 1: Black women will align more with womanist identity and white women will align more with feminist identity

• Hypothesis 2: there is a relationship between levels stages of feminist and womanist with self-esteem, Black women will have higher self-esteem with higher stages of womanist

• Results: hypothesis 1 was proven, race partially determines nature of relationships between identity development and self-esteem

Craig & Richeson 2014:

• Hypothesis 1: politically unaligned white people will lean more conservative upon hearing that the U.S. will become a minority-majority country in the upcoming years and how California is a minority-majority state

• Results 1: consistent with hypothesis and those living closest to the shift were three times more likely to lean conservative, but because they were split new study needed to be done

• Hypothesis 2: those primed with racial shift would endorse the right more than control and this would be mediated by perceived group threat

• Results 2: weighted results supported hypothesis, unweighted results supported hypothesis

• Hypothesis 3: those who read racial shift where it was more salient and without alleviation of group-status concerns would be more right leaning

• Results 3: participants in status threat identified more with the right

Weise et al. 2008:

• Hypothesis 1: attachment security is associated with liberal and liberals are less scared of death

• Results 1: attachment security predicted self-report political orientation in mortality salience condition but not in control

• Hypothesis 2: being in a secure relationship would not increase your support for the military when death is brought up

• Results 2: supported hypothesis

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