Chapter 12

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Globalization (Manfred Steger) - The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distance localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice vera

• Globalization began after WWII and IMF, WB, WTO

The acceleration of Globalization: Appadurai’s Five spaces

1. Ethnoscape - Flow of people across boundaries

   1. Tourism
   2. labor migrants, refugees, and leisure travelers

2. Technoscape - Flow of technology

   1. It includes the sales of new products like Apple's iPhone that radically affects day-to-day life for people all along the commodity chain

3. Ideoscape - Flow of Ideas

   1. It includes an individual posting her or his personal views on Facebook for public consumption, or it can be larger and more systematic like Christian missionaries spreading their religious doctrines

4. Financescape - Flow of money across political borders

   1. The Spanish, for example, conscripted indigenous laborers to mine the silver veins of the Potosí mines of Bolivia

5. Mediascape - Flow of media across borders

   1. From the telegraph to the telephone, and now the Internet, media are far more easily and rapidly shared regardless of geographic borders

Selective importation and exportation - the ability of individuals to decide whether or not to adopt a new product or idea made available through globalization and to determine the ways in which it will be used.

• Glocalization - Adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms
  • Salsa Dance - Celebrates a global form of dance adapted to local styles
• Lifestyle - Ways in which individuals perform various social identities
• Conspicuous consumption - the display of one's sense of self through the purchase and conspicuous use of various goods.
• Homogenization of culture - the concern that the rapid expansion of the leisure market would decrease the diversity of cultural products consumed by the populace.

Advantages of Globalization

• Activism to rectify social, economic, or environmental injustices
• Solidarity movements and humanitarian efforts
• Micro-loans and crowd-source fundraising

Disadvantages of Globalization

• Public health and epidemics
• Intensified racism and prejudice
• Effects of Neoliberalism
  • Neoliberalism - the ideology of free-market capitalism emphasizing privatization and unregulated markets

Responses to Globalization

• Syncretism - Combining different beliefs into a new harmonious whole often as a response to colonialism or globalization
  • ex. Candomble religious practices
• Fair trade - Set of agreements between producers and buyers to maintain living wages independent of the market

Transnationalism - People’s lives may be lived across borders influenced by event across borders

Case study: Global demand for Quinoa:

• Small farmers had left Bolivia for cities and neighboring countries
• Foreign interest grew for Quinoa creating a valuable market
• Many farmers returned to grow quinoa for external market using tractors not llamas
• New and traditional farmers conflict

Commodity chain - Series of steps a food takes from Producer to the store

Global North - wealthier countries of the world. The definition includes countries that are sometimes called “First World” or “Highly Developed Economies.”

Global south - poorest countries of the world. The definition includes countries that are sometimes called “Third World” or “Least Developed Economies.”

Habitus - the dispositions, attitudes, or preferences that are the learned basis for personal “taste” and lifestyles.