Untitled Flashcards Set

Blood Basics

Q: What are the major functions of blood?
A: Transport gases, nutrients, and waste; regulate pH and ion composition; restrict fluid loss; defend against toxins; stabilize temperature.

Q: What are the physical characteristics of blood?
A: Temperature of 38°C (100.4°F), high viscosity, slightly alkaline (pH 7.35–7.45), and volume is ~7% of body weight.

Blood Components

Q: What are the components of whole blood?
A: Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).

Q: What are the types of formed elements?
A: Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.

Plasma

Q: What is the main component of plasma?
A: Water (90%).

Q: What are the major plasma proteins?
A: Albumins (60%), globulins (35%), fibrinogen (4%), and others (1%).

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Q: What is the function of RBCs?
A: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Q: What protein in RBCs carries oxygen?
A: Hemoglobin.

Q: What is the lifespan of an RBC?
A: About 120 days.

Blood Typing

Q: What determines blood type?
A: The presence or absence of A, B, and Rh surface antigens.

Q: What blood type is the universal donor?
A: Type O-negative.

Q: What blood type is the universal recipient?
A: Type AB-positive.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Q: What are the five types of WBCs?
A: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

Q: What is the primary function of WBCs?
A: Defend against pathogens, remove toxins, and attack abnormal cells.

Platelets and Clotting

Q: What is the function of platelets?
A: Help in blood clotting.

Q: What are the three phases of hemostasis?
A: Vascular phase, platelet phase, and coagulation phase.

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Blood and the Cardiovascular System

Q: What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
A: The heart (pump), blood vessels (hoses), and blood (fluid connective tissue).

Components and Functions of Blood

Q: What are the functions of blood?
A: - Transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste

• Regulating pH and ion composition

• Restricting fluid loss at injury sites

• Defending against toxins and pathogens

• Stabilizing body temperature

Q: What are the physical characteristics of blood?
A: - Temperature: 38°C (100.4°F)

• High viscosity

• Slightly alkaline (pH 7.35–7.45)

• Volume: 7% of body weight (approx. 5.25 liters in a 75-kg person)

Q: What are the components of whole blood?
A: - Plasma (55%)

• Formed elements (45%)

Q: What are the three types of formed elements?
A: - Red blood cells (RBCs)

• White blood cells (WBCs)

• Platelets

Q: What is hematocrit?
A: The percentage of formed elements in blood (46% in males, 42% in females).

Plasma

Q: What is the composition of plasma?
A: - 90% water

• Plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)

• Other solutes

Q: What are the three major plasma proteins?
A: - Albumins (60%): Maintain osmotic pressure, transport fatty acids and hormones

• Globulins (35%): Antibodies and transport proteins

• Fibrinogen (4%): Helps in clotting

Q: Where are most plasma proteins produced?
A: In the liver.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Q: What is the function of RBCs?
A: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Q: What is the structure of RBCs?
A: Small, biconcave discs that:

• Have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio

• Can stack (rouleaux) to improve flow

• Can bend to fit through small capillaries

Q: What is hemoglobin?
A: A protein in RBCs that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Q: How many hemoglobin molecules does each RBC contain?
A: About 280 million.

Q: What is the lifespan of an RBC?
A: About 120 days.

Q: What is erythropoiesis?
A: The process of RBC production.

Q: What hormone regulates erythropoiesis?
A: Erythropoietin (EPO), released by kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels.

Q: What nutrients are required for RBC production?
A: Iron, amino acids, folic acid, vitamins B12 and B6.

Q: What happens to old RBCs?
A: Macrophages in the spleen, liver, and red bone marrow break them down, and iron is recycled.

Q: What is jaundice?
A: A buildup of bilirubin due to liver dysfunction.

Blood Typing

Q: What determines blood type?
A: The presence of A, B, and Rh (D) surface antigens on RBCs.

Q: What are the four blood types?
A: - Type A (A antigen, anti-B antibodies)

• Type B (B antigen, anti-A antibodies)

• Type AB (A & B antigens, no antibodies)

• Type O (no antigens, both anti-A & anti-B antibodies)

Q: What is the Rh factor?
A: A protein that determines if blood is Rh+ (has the antigen) or Rh− (lacks the antigen).

Q: What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
A: A condition where an Rh− mother develops anti-Rh antibodies that attack the RBCs of an Rh+ fetus.

Q: How can HDN be prevented?
A: By giving Rh− mothers RhoGAM during pregnancy and after delivery.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Q: What are the five types of WBCs?
A:

1. Neutrophils (50–70%): Attack bacteria, first responders.

2. Eosinophils (2–4%): Attack parasites, reduce inflammation.

3. Basophils (<1%): Release histamine & heparin.

4. Monocytes (2–8%): Become macrophages, engulf pathogens.

5. Lymphocytes (20–40%): Include T cells, B cells, and NK cells.

Q: What are the functions of WBCs?
A: Defend against pathogens, remove toxins, and attack abnormal cells.

Q: What is leukopoiesis?
A: The production of WBCs.

Q: What are colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)?
A: Hormones that regulate WBC production.

Q: What are the types of lymphocytes?
A: - T cells: Cell-mediated immunity

• B cells: Produce antibodies

• Natural Killer (NK) cells: Detect and destroy abnormal cells

Q: What are common WBC disorders?
A: - Leukopenia: Low WBC count

• Leukocytosis: High WBC count

• Leukemia: Cancer of WBCs

Platelets and Clotting

Q: What are platelets?
A: Cell fragments involved in clotting.

Q: What are the three phases of hemostasis?
A:

1. Vascular Phase – Blood vessel constricts.

2. Platelet Phase – Platelets form a plug.

3. Coagulation Phase – Blood clot forms.

Q: What are the three clotting pathways?
A: - Extrinsic pathway: Activated by tissue damage.

• Intrinsic pathway: Activated by blood vessel damage.

• Common pathway: Leads to fibrin formation.

Q: What is the role of thrombin in clotting?
A: Converts fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a clot.

Q: What are anticoagulants?
A: Enzymes that prevent excessive clotting (e.g., heparin, antithrombin-III).

Q: What vitamin is required for clotting?
A: Vitamin K.

Q: What is fibrinolysis?
A: The breakdown of a clot by plasmin.