Physical and Motor Development

Body Growth

Slower growth rate

Rapid growth for girls

Influence of genes and nutrition

Stunted growth

Motor Development

Advancement of gross motor skills

Development of new interest

Advancement of fine motor skills

Contextual influences

Exercise

CDC: 1 hour of exercise a day to moderate to vigorous physical activity

• The U.S. Children are not getting enough

Linked to reduced fat, increased strength reduced blood pressure, and reduced risk for metabolic disease

Aerobic exercise also benefits

• Children’s attention and memory

• Effortful and goal-directed thinking and behavior

• Creativity

Health, Illness, and Disease

time of excellent health

Accidents and injuries

• Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of severe injury

• Bikes, skateboards, skates, etc.

Overweight Children

• 17.5% 6-11 yo in U.S. are obese

• heredity and environmental causes

• consequences - diabetes, hypertension, elevated blood cholesterol levels, low self-esteem, teasing

• intervention programs

  • combination of diet, exercise, behavior management

  • emphasize parents engaging in healthier lifestyles

  • healthier food family exercise

Cancer

• 2nd leading cause of death in children 5-14

• The most common child cancer is leukemia

• Children with cancer are surviving longer because of advancements in cancer treatment

ADHD

inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

boys are twice as likely to receive ADHD diagnosis

possible causes

• Genetics

• Brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development

• Cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development

• high maternal stress during prenatal development

• low birth weight

Learning Disabilities

Dyslexia - Severe Impairment in the ability to read and spell

Dysgraphia: difficulty in handwriting

Dyscalculia: Developmental arithmetic disorder

Educational Issues

Individualized education plan: written statement specifically tailored for the disabled student

Least restrictive environment: setting as similar as possible to the one in which non-disabled children are educated

Inclusion: Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom

Cognitive Development

Memory and executive function in children

• Improved selective attention

• improved wm, encoding, and recall from ITM

  • role of prior knowledge

• Faster processing speed

• Improvements due to the development of the prefrontal cortex

• influence of schooling quality of relationships with teachers

Concrete Operational Stage

Ages 7 - 11

Children can perform concrete operations and reason logistically and can classify things into different sets

Inductive Reasoning: A logical process in which multiple premises are believed to be true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion

Intelligence

Ability to adapt and learn from experiences

Binet tests

• mental age MA: Individual level of mental development relative to others

• intelligence quotient IQ: a person’s mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

• normal distribution

Intelligence Tests

• Wechsler Intelligence scale for children

  • 10 subtests and five indexes

  • verbal and nonverbal abilities

  • supplemental subtests

• IQ and academic achievement

Alternative views of intelligence

• Sternberg Triachic Theory of Intelligence

  • Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

  • cultural; the importance of intelligent behavior

• Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

  • eight independent kinds of intelligence

Binet general and specific intelligence

Sternberg Triarch theory of intelligence comes in the following forms

• Analytical

• creative

• Practical

Agarders eight frames of mind

Learning and Schooling

transition to first grade

• influences teachers’ and child perceptions

• important role and interactions with teachers

• foundation for child educational career

bilingual ism and learning a second language

• Simultaneous bilingualism

• second language learning

  • immersion

  • dual language learning

  • changing language preferences and dominance

Gifterd: above average intelligence (IQ of 130+) and /or subior talent for something

three characteristics

• Precoiyt

• march9ign to their own drum

• mastery orientation

Gene-environment interaction

Domnain specific gistedness and development

Educationof children who are gisted

Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning

• Morality not internalized

• Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality 

• Moral decisions are based on fear of punishment.

  • Children obey because adults tell them to.

• Stage 2: Individuals, Instrumental Purpose, & Exchange

  • Individuals pursue their own interests & let others do

  • the same. What is right involves equal exchange.

Kohlberg’s Level 2: Conventional Reasoning 

• Individuals abide by internal and external standards, forexample, parents, law 

  • Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships, and interpersonal conformity 

  • Trust, caring, and loyalty to others valued as a basis formoral judgments

  • Stage 4: Social System Morality

    • Moral judgments based on understanding, social order,law, justice, duty