Modern World History Final Reveiw
Jacelin Jensen
Mr. Snyder
7th Hour World History
5/28/24
Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991
Put in reforms.
Boris Yeltsin: He transformed Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy
First press of CIS. became a dictator
Vladimir Putin: President of Russia
Was an agent for KGB
Lech Walesa: president of Poland between 1990 and 1995 and led the Solidarity movement
Alexander Dubek: Slovak statesman who served as the First Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Led Prague Spring. PArt of Civic Forum
Vaclav Havel: served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992 and then became the first president of the Czech Republic
Nicolae Ceacescu: Romanian communist politician and statesman. He was the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989
Executed Christmas day
John Paul II: head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005
First non Italian Pope in 450 years. Assanation attempt in 1961. Now a Saint
Joseph Broz (Tito): He was secretary-general of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Said “Stop sending people to kill me” to Stalin.
Able to resist Soviet Domination. “TITOISM”
Roanald Reagan: initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems
SDI and MASSIVE military spending. Became a peacemaker near the end of his presidency
Deng Xiapeng: Had, “four modernizations” in agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense.
Modernized China. Ruled behind the scenes
George H.W Bush: Took credit for ending the Cold War
“Gang of Four’: English post-punk band, formed in 1976
Led by CHang CHing: Maos Wife (Wanted the Cultural revolution to keep going)
Slobodan Milosovic: played a major role in the Yugoslav Wars and became the first sitting head of state charged with war crimes.
Erich Honneker: a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 till before the fall of the Berlin wall
Escaped to Chile
Helmut Kohl: German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union from 1973 to 1998
Crusicial in the unification of Germany
Anwar Sadat: Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981
Yassir Arafat: was a Palestinian political leader. He was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004 and president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004.
Terrorist.
Menachim Begin: s an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Was the leader Zionist militant group Irgun before Israel was formed
Signed Camp David Accords. Nobel peace prize
Gamel Nasser: Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952
DATES
June 1967: 6 Days War
October 1973: Yom Kippur War
1985:
Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader.
Nimeiri was ousted in Sudan.
1989:
The end of the Cold War
The dismantling of Apartheid
Protest in china fails
Poland’s solidarity movement
Berlin Wall falls
Chochescu Executed
1990:
Reunification of Germany
Dec. 25, 1991:
Mikhail Gorbachev resigned his post as president of the Soviet Union, leaving Boris Yeltsin as president of the newly independent Russian state.
CIS formed from the republics
Cold war ends
2000:
he first resident crew enters the International Space Station
Ending of CIS
Putan Elected
2003:
The United States invaded Iraq and ousted Saddam Hussein, triggering worldwide protests and an 8 year war.
SECOND GULF WAR SUDDAN HUSSIEN KILLED
2004:
Al-Qaeda bombs multiple trains in Madrid
Fighting continued in Sudan's western province of Darfur, creating what the UN called “the worst humanitarian crisis in the world.”
THINGS
Poland: Fought for democracy, encouraged by John Paul II. First country to adopt democracy, went to capitalism.
Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia: PART OF YUGOSLAVIA
Czech Republic: Split into own Country off of Ceckolsolvakia
Slovakia: Gained democracy after the Velvet Revolution led by the Civic Forum. Turned to socialism. I Am from Czechoslovakia.
German Reunification: process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991
Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Wanted independence from the USSR. Left in October 1991 when the CIS formed.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact: Military alliance founded by the Soviet Union and satellite nations in response to NATO. Ended with the fall of the Soviet Union.
CSTO: The Collective Security Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia consisting of six post-Soviet states: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan, formed in 2002
Glasnost: the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.
Perestroika
restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision making
begun by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985
Afghanistan
1979: USSR invades to prop up communist GOV there against the Mujahideen. Became the Taliban. Soviets leave. Cost to many lives plus money
Chernobyl
Location: Chernobyl is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus.
Nuclear Disaster: On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster occurred, releasing a massive amount of radioactive material into the atmosphere.
Causes: The disaster was caused by a flawed reactor design, human error, and violation of safety protocols during a safety test.
Consequences:
Immediate: The explosion killed two plant workers and caused a fire that released radioactive particles into the air.
Long-term: The disaster led to the evacuation and resettlement of thousands of people, increased cancer rates, and environmental contamination.
Ethnic cleansing
Belief that getting rid of everyone else for a “Master Race” to be there.
China (1989)
European common market
27 members
Then became the creator of the EURO
European union
supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe
Euro (monetary unit)
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
Started by Iraq invading Iran.
Long and brutal conflict with high casualties.
Ended in a stalemate with no clear winner.
Post-War Period
Both countries faced economic challenges.
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to the Gulf War.
Iran focused on rebuilding its economy and infrastructure.
2000s
Iraq invaded by the US in 2003, leading to instability.
Iran's influence grew in Iraq post-US invasion.
Recent Years
Iran and Iraq have maintained diplomatic relations.
Economic ties strengthened, especially in trade and energy.
Both countries face internal challenges and regional tensions.
Solidarity
Polish labor union that during the 1980s became the main force of opposition to Communist rule in Poland.
C.I.S.
Commonwealth of Independent States
established at the end of 1991, in the wake of the end of the USSR
Is an association that coordinates the facilitation of free movement of goods, services, labor force, and capital between member states
promotes cooperation on security matters
Cold War
-conflict between the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States
- fought in all places (neutral states, in newly independent nations in Africa, Asia and outer space)
OPEC
Organization of the petroleum exporting countries
Ukraine
USSR invades to reunify Russia
Different
Civic Forum
Was a political movement in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia, established during the Velvet Revolution in 1989
Lebanon
Having a Civil war at the moment
Sandinistas
governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990
leader Daniel Ortega was reelected as president in 2006
The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Nicaragua
Vietnam
North Vietnam took over South Vietnam
Communist
China
Deng Xiaoping: Succeeded Mao Zedong, initiated economic reforms (1978).
Four Modernizations: Deng's focus on agriculture, industry, defense, and science & technology.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Established to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.
One Child Policy: Implemented in 1979 to control population growth, relaxed in 2015.
Tiananmen Square Protests (1989): Student-led demonstrations for democracy, ended violently.
Hong Kong Handover (1997): Returned to Chinese sovereignty from British rule.
Rise of China as a Global Power: Economic growth, technological advancements, and increasing influence in international affairs.
Russia
Camp David Accords
Egypt and Jordan recognized Israel
Egypt gave Israel the Suez Canal
Syria still having ISSUES
West Bank: Part of Palestinian state
Jordan
NICARAGUA
Sandinistas put in borderline communism to N.
Found they were giving rebels stuff
Reagan cut off trade (USA dragged in during Cold War)
CONTRAS: against communism. Fought the Sandinistas
Regan only allowed to provide humanitarian aid
IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR: Regan smuggling money
1990: Nicaragua held democratic elections- sandinistas voted out (Voted back in Now)
YUGOSLAVIA
Introduction Sentence: The breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s was a complex and violent process that resulted in the disintegration of a multi-ethnic federation and the emergence of several independent states in the Balkan region.
Background
Formation of Yugoslavia after WWI
Tito's leadership and the rise of communism
Communist Rule: Established a communist regime after World War II, but pursued an independent foreign policy.
Non-Aligned Movement: Tito was a key figure in the Non-Aligned Movement, advocating for countries to remain neutral in the Cold War.
National Unity: Promoted "Brotherhood and Unity" among the diverse ethnic groups in Yugoslavia.
After his death there was econamic decline
Factors leading to breakup
Nationalism and ethnic tensions
Economic disparities among republics
Political decentralization and weakening of central government
Timeline of breakup
1980s: Rise of nationalist movement
Background: Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic state formed after WWI, comprising various ethnic groups like Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, and others.
Tito's Rule: Under Josip Broz Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia remained united through a strong communist regime that suppressed nationalist sentiments.
Economic Issues: In the 1980s, Yugoslavia faced economic challenges leading to high inflation and unemployment, fueling discontent among the population.
Death of Tito: Tito's death in 1980 created a power vacuum, weakening the central authority and paving the way for nationalist movements.
Rise of Nationalism: Nationalist sentiments surged, especially among Serbs and Croats, leading to demands for greater autonomy or independence.
1991: Slovenia and Croatia declare independence
1992: Bosnia and Herzegovina declares independence
1992-1995: Bosnian War
Dates: April 1992 - December 1995
Parties involved: Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats, Bosnian Serbs
Causes: Nationalism, ethnic tensions, breakup of Yugoslavia
Srebrenica massacre: July 1995, over 8,000 Bosniak men killed
Dayton Agreement: Ended the war, established Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state
1995: Dayton Agreement ends Bosnian War
International involvement
European Community and United Nations mediation efforts
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Aftermath
Establishment of independent states: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia
Ethnic cleansing and war crimes trials
Background: After the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, ethnic tensions escalated, leading to widespread ethnic cleansing and war crimes.
Ethnic Cleansing: Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims engaged in ethnic cleansing campaigns, forcibly displacing and killing civilians based on their ethnicity.
War Crimes: Numerous war crimes were committed during the Yugoslav Wars, including mass killings, rape, torture, and destruction of cultural heritage sites.
Ongoing tensions and challenges in the region
BALTIC STATES
The Baltic States consist of three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
COMMUNIST COUNTRIES TODAY
China:
The Communist Party of China (CPC) has been in power since 1949.
Cuba:
The Communist Party of Cuba has been in power since 1965.
North Korea:
The ruling Workers' Party of Korea follows the Juche ideology.
It has a command economy with state control over all aspects of life.
Be lowest with me I have
Jacelin Jensen
Mr. Snyder
7th Hour World History
5/28/24
Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991
Put in reforms.
Boris Yeltsin: He transformed Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy
First press of CIS. became a dictator
Vladimir Putin: President of Russia
Was an agent for KGB
Lech Walesa: president of Poland between 1990 and 1995 and led the Solidarity movement
Alexander Dubek: Slovak statesman who served as the First Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Led Prague Spring. PArt of Civic Forum
Vaclav Havel: served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992 and then became the first president of the Czech Republic
Nicolae Ceacescu: Romanian communist politician and statesman. He was the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989
Executed Christmas day
John Paul II: head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005
First non Italian Pope in 450 years. Assanation attempt in 1961. Now a Saint
Joseph Broz (Tito): He was secretary-general of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Said “Stop sending people to kill me” to Stalin.
Able to resist Soviet Domination. “TITOISM”
Roanald Reagan: initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems
SDI and MASSIVE military spending. Became a peacemaker near the end of his presidency
Deng Xiapeng: Had, “four modernizations” in agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense.
Modernized China. Ruled behind the scenes
George H.W Bush: Took credit for ending the Cold War
“Gang of Four’: English post-punk band, formed in 1976
Led by CHang CHing: Maos Wife (Wanted the Cultural revolution to keep going)
Slobodan Milosovic: played a major role in the Yugoslav Wars and became the first sitting head of state charged with war crimes.
Erich Honneker: a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 till before the fall of the Berlin wall
Escaped to Chile
Helmut Kohl: German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union from 1973 to 1998
Crusicial in the unification of Germany
Anwar Sadat: Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981
Yassir Arafat: was a Palestinian political leader. He was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004 and president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004.
Terrorist.
Menachim Begin: s an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Was the leader Zionist militant group Irgun before Israel was formed
Signed Camp David Accords. Nobel peace prize
Gamel Nasser: Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952
DATES
June 1967: 6 Days War
October 1973: Yom Kippur War
1985:
Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader.
Nimeiri was ousted in Sudan.
1989:
The end of the Cold War
The dismantling of Apartheid
Protest in china fails
Poland’s solidarity movement
Berlin Wall falls
Chochescu Executed
1990:
Reunification of Germany
Dec. 25, 1991:
Mikhail Gorbachev resigned his post as president of the Soviet Union, leaving Boris Yeltsin as president of the newly independent Russian state.
CIS formed from the republics
Cold war ends
2000:
he first resident crew enters the International Space Station
Ending of CIS
Putan Elected
2003:
The United States invaded Iraq and ousted Saddam Hussein, triggering worldwide protests and an 8 year war.
SECOND GULF WAR SUDDAN HUSSIEN KILLED
2004:
Al-Qaeda bombs multiple trains in Madrid
Fighting continued in Sudan's western province of Darfur, creating what the UN called “the worst humanitarian crisis in the world.”
THINGS
Poland: Fought for democracy, encouraged by John Paul II. First country to adopt democracy, went to capitalism.
Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia: PART OF YUGOSLAVIA
Czech Republic: Split into own Country off of Ceckolsolvakia
Slovakia: Gained democracy after the Velvet Revolution led by the Civic Forum. Turned to socialism. I Am from Czechoslovakia.
German Reunification: process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991
Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Wanted independence from the USSR. Left in October 1991 when the CIS formed.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact: Military alliance founded by the Soviet Union and satellite nations in response to NATO. Ended with the fall of the Soviet Union.
CSTO: The Collective Security Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia consisting of six post-Soviet states: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan, formed in 2002
Glasnost: the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.
Perestroika
restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision making
begun by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985
Afghanistan
1979: USSR invades to prop up communist GOV there against the Mujahideen. Became the Taliban. Soviets leave. Cost to many lives plus money
Chernobyl
Location: Chernobyl is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus.
Nuclear Disaster: On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster occurred, releasing a massive amount of radioactive material into the atmosphere.
Causes: The disaster was caused by a flawed reactor design, human error, and violation of safety protocols during a safety test.
Consequences:
Immediate: The explosion killed two plant workers and caused a fire that released radioactive particles into the air.
Long-term: The disaster led to the evacuation and resettlement of thousands of people, increased cancer rates, and environmental contamination.
Ethnic cleansing
Belief that getting rid of everyone else for a “Master Race” to be there.
China (1989)
European common market
27 members
Then became the creator of the EURO
European union
supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe
Euro (monetary unit)
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
Started by Iraq invading Iran.
Long and brutal conflict with high casualties.
Ended in a stalemate with no clear winner.
Post-War Period
Both countries faced economic challenges.
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to the Gulf War.
Iran focused on rebuilding its economy and infrastructure.
2000s
Iraq invaded by the US in 2003, leading to instability.
Iran's influence grew in Iraq post-US invasion.
Recent Years
Iran and Iraq have maintained diplomatic relations.
Economic ties strengthened, especially in trade and energy.
Both countries face internal challenges and regional tensions.
Solidarity
Polish labor union that during the 1980s became the main force of opposition to Communist rule in Poland.
C.I.S.
Commonwealth of Independent States
established at the end of 1991, in the wake of the end of the USSR
Is an association that coordinates the facilitation of free movement of goods, services, labor force, and capital between member states
promotes cooperation on security matters
Cold War
-conflict between the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States
- fought in all places (neutral states, in newly independent nations in Africa, Asia and outer space)
OPEC
Organization of the petroleum exporting countries
Ukraine
USSR invades to reunify Russia
Different
Civic Forum
Was a political movement in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia, established during the Velvet Revolution in 1989
Lebanon
Having a Civil war at the moment
Sandinistas
governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990
leader Daniel Ortega was reelected as president in 2006
The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Nicaragua
Vietnam
North Vietnam took over South Vietnam
Communist
China
Deng Xiaoping: Succeeded Mao Zedong, initiated economic reforms (1978).
Four Modernizations: Deng's focus on agriculture, industry, defense, and science & technology.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Established to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.
One Child Policy: Implemented in 1979 to control population growth, relaxed in 2015.
Tiananmen Square Protests (1989): Student-led demonstrations for democracy, ended violently.
Hong Kong Handover (1997): Returned to Chinese sovereignty from British rule.
Rise of China as a Global Power: Economic growth, technological advancements, and increasing influence in international affairs.
Russia
Camp David Accords
Egypt and Jordan recognized Israel
Egypt gave Israel the Suez Canal
Syria still having ISSUES
West Bank: Part of Palestinian state
Jordan
NICARAGUA
Sandinistas put in borderline communism to N.
Found they were giving rebels stuff
Reagan cut off trade (USA dragged in during Cold War)
CONTRAS: against communism. Fought the Sandinistas
Regan only allowed to provide humanitarian aid
IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR: Regan smuggling money
1990: Nicaragua held democratic elections- sandinistas voted out (Voted back in Now)
YUGOSLAVIA
Introduction Sentence: The breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s was a complex and violent process that resulted in the disintegration of a multi-ethnic federation and the emergence of several independent states in the Balkan region.
Background
Formation of Yugoslavia after WWI
Tito's leadership and the rise of communism
Communist Rule: Established a communist regime after World War II, but pursued an independent foreign policy.
Non-Aligned Movement: Tito was a key figure in the Non-Aligned Movement, advocating for countries to remain neutral in the Cold War.
National Unity: Promoted "Brotherhood and Unity" among the diverse ethnic groups in Yugoslavia.
After his death there was econamic decline
Factors leading to breakup
Nationalism and ethnic tensions
Economic disparities among republics
Political decentralization and weakening of central government
Timeline of breakup
1980s: Rise of nationalist movement
Background: Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic state formed after WWI, comprising various ethnic groups like Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, and others.
Tito's Rule: Under Josip Broz Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia remained united through a strong communist regime that suppressed nationalist sentiments.
Economic Issues: In the 1980s, Yugoslavia faced economic challenges leading to high inflation and unemployment, fueling discontent among the population.
Death of Tito: Tito's death in 1980 created a power vacuum, weakening the central authority and paving the way for nationalist movements.
Rise of Nationalism: Nationalist sentiments surged, especially among Serbs and Croats, leading to demands for greater autonomy or independence.
1991: Slovenia and Croatia declare independence
1992: Bosnia and Herzegovina declares independence
1992-1995: Bosnian War
Dates: April 1992 - December 1995
Parties involved: Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats, Bosnian Serbs
Causes: Nationalism, ethnic tensions, breakup of Yugoslavia
Srebrenica massacre: July 1995, over 8,000 Bosniak men killed
Dayton Agreement: Ended the war, established Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state
1995: Dayton Agreement ends Bosnian War
International involvement
European Community and United Nations mediation efforts
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Aftermath
Establishment of independent states: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia
Ethnic cleansing and war crimes trials
Background: After the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, ethnic tensions escalated, leading to widespread ethnic cleansing and war crimes.
Ethnic Cleansing: Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims engaged in ethnic cleansing campaigns, forcibly displacing and killing civilians based on their ethnicity.
War Crimes: Numerous war crimes were committed during the Yugoslav Wars, including mass killings, rape, torture, and destruction of cultural heritage sites.
Ongoing tensions and challenges in the region
BALTIC STATES
The Baltic States consist of three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
COMMUNIST COUNTRIES TODAY
China:
The Communist Party of China (CPC) has been in power since 1949.
Cuba:
The Communist Party of Cuba has been in power since 1965.
North Korea:
The ruling Workers' Party of Korea follows the Juche ideology.
It has a command economy with state control over all aspects of life.
Be lowest with me I have