Basic concepts of organic chemistry Grade11 @physicsprodigy40

Chemistry Overview

• Definition: Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the composition, properties, structure, and transformation of matter.

Organic Chemistry

• Organic Compound: Substances derived from living beings, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates.

  • Key Elements:

    • Carbon: Essential element in organic compounds。

    • Hydrogen: Present in large quantities.

    • Halogens: Present in trace amounts.

  • Modern Definition: Hydrocarbons and their derivatives are classified as organic compounds.

  • First Organic Compound Synthesized in Lab: Urea, prepared by Friedrich Wohler in 1828.

    • Synthesis Reaction: (NH4)2CO → 2 KCN + NO → K2SO + NH2CO (urea)

Historical Background

• Vital Force Theory: Historically, chemists believed that organic compounds couldn't be synthesized in the lab due to a mysterious force termed "vital force." This theory was debunked by later discoveries, including the synthesis of urea.

Unique Aspects of Organic Compounds

1. Diversity: Large number of organic compounds.

2. Unique Properties: Distinct chemical and physical properties.

3. Carbon Characteristics: Carbon exhibits unique traits such as catenation and tetravalency.

   • Catenation: Ability of carbon to form chains or rings by bonding with itself.

   • Tetravalency: Carbon's capability to form four covalent bonds.

Classification of Organic Compounds

• Types of Organic Compounds:

  • Open Chain Compounds: Simple aliphatic chains (e.g., saturated and unsaturated).

    • Saturated Compounds: Only single bonds (e.g., alkanes).

    • Unsaturated Compounds: Contains double or triple bonds (e.g., alkenes, alkynes).

  • Cyclic Compounds: Compounds organized in rings, can be homocyclic (only carbon) or heterocyclic (with other atoms).

• Examples:

  • Open-chain: Propane (CH3-CH2-CH3)

  • Cyclic: Cyclohexane (C6H12)

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

• Definition: A functional group is an atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a molecule.

• Importance:

  1. Basis of nomenclature in organic chemistry.

  2. Classification of organic compounds.

  3. Site of chemical reactivity.

• Common Functional Groups:

  • Alkenes (C=C), Alkynes (C≡C), Alkyl halides (X), Alcohols (-OH), Ethers (R-O-R').

  • Examples of functional groups with their respective classes.

Homologous Series

• Definition: A series of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, differing by a -CH2- unit.

  • Examples:

    • Alkanes: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), etc.

    • Alcohols: Methanol (CH3OH), Ethanol (C2H5OH), etc.

• Characteristics:

  1. Similar chemical properties.

  2. Different physical properties.

  3. Represented by a general molecular formula.

Cracking Process

• Definition: The decomposition of larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons with lower boiling points.

  • Types of Cracking:

    1. Catalytic Cracking: Performed in the presence of a catalyst at lower temperatures.

    2. Steam Cracking: Involves high temperatures without a catalyst.

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

• IUPAC System: Systematic naming based on structure, combining prefix, root, and suffix.

  • Common Naming Rules:

    1. Identify the longest carbon chain.

    2. Number the carbon atoms to give the lowest possible number to substituents.

    3. Use prefixes for multiple substituents (di-, tri-, tetra-).

    4. Name the compound with substituents identified.

• Examples of nomenclature:

  • Butane (C4H10), Ethene (C2H4), and their substituents.

Summary of Nomenclature Rules

1. Select longest carbon chain as parent compound.

2. Number the chain for lowest substituent numbering.

3. Name substituents along with their positions.

4. Combine names according to structural order.