PHYSICAL SCIENCE (MIDTERMS)

FORMATION OF ELEMENTS

NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

-          refers to the creation of new atomic nuclei, the center of the atoms that are made up of protons and neutrons; formation of the elements.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS

FUSION is a process or result of joining 2 or more things together to form a single entity.

FISSION is the action of dividing or splitting something into 2 or more parts.

Atomic number indicates the number of protons found in the nucleus.

Mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

 Big Bang Theory (Singularity)

•       The accepted scientific theory about the origin of the universe based upon multiple lines of evidence.

•       It is one of the most popular attempts to describe the early universe.

•       It was first proposed by Belgian astrophysicist and priest Abbe Georges Lemaitre (1894-1966)

•       The name “Big Bang” was coined by British astronomer Fred Hoyle in 1949.

•       All matter and energy were compressed at a single point (singularity) at the time of the expansion.

MAJOR TYPES OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

•       Primordial N. or Big Bang N.

•       Stellar Nucleosynthesis

•       Supernova Nucleosynthesis

PRIMORDIAL NUCLEOSYNTHESIS or BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

•The proton, neutron, and electron were moving around without control.

•During the first three minutes of the rapid expansion of the universe, rapid cooling also occurs, thus slowing down the sub-atomic particles, which provides more opportunities for binding together to form light elements.

•       Deuterium

•       Hydrogen

•       Helium

•       Lithium

•       Beryllium

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

ISOTOPES are atoms of the same element having same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.

STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

•       It is the process by which elements are created within the stars by combining the protons and neutrons together from light elements.

•       Stars, which are giant balls mostly made of hydrogen and helium, act as sites for nuclear reactions in the universe. Through the process, they are able to fuse light elements to form heavier elements.

HEAVY ELEMENTS

Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, up to Iron

SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

•       It is the process by which HEAVIER ELEMENTS than IRON (Fe) were created.

•       Two characteristics that allow to make Heavier elements than Iron:

1.        Extreme temperature

2.        Abundant number of neutrons

•       Supernova stars can reach 100 Billion ̊C 6000x hotter than the core of sun

PERIODIC TABLE

•       Dmitri Mendeleev examined the relationship among atomic masses of elements, and their physical and chemical properties.

•       He believed that the atomic mass of the element was the most fundamental property in classifying the element.

•       He arranged the known elements according to their increasing atomic masses and their properties.

•       In 1913, an English physicist named Henry Moseley discovered that atomic number is the most fundamental property of an element and not its atomic mass.

•       This discovery changed the whole perspective of elements and their properties.

•       Accordingly, Mendeleev’s periodic law was modified into Modern periodic law.

 MODULE 3: BIOMOLECULES

Biomolecules - it means MOLECULES OF LIFE.

Major Classes of Organic Molecules

-          Carbohydrates

-          Lipids

-          Proteins

-          Nucleic Acids

they are called MACROMOLECULES.

MACROMOLECULES

-          term used for large molecules.

-          Each macromolecule has a subunit called Monomer.

-          when monomer bond together (Polymerization), the resulting structure is a polymer.

-          The term polymer is the same as macromolecule.

-          Monomer - one basic unit or subunit

-          Polymer - a chain of basic units

·         BASIC UNIT - Basic building blocks

·         Chain of Units - Large molecule or chain of basic structures

PROTEINS

-          most abundant organic compound found in living things.

-          the function of proteins is for the fundamental, structural, and functional framework of a cell.

-          Polymer - Proteins, Monomer - Amino Acids

-          CHON - (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen)

FUNCTION

-          providing mechanical support

-          generating movement

-          immune protection

-          transmitting nerve impulses

-          controlling growth and differentiation

-          build and repair muscles and tissues

-          act as enzymes

TYPES OF PROTEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

1.        ENZYMATIC PROTEINS - Serves as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions,

Example: Amylase, Urease etc.

2.        STRUCTURAL PROTEINS - SUPPORT,

Example: Keratin (Skin, Nails, Hair)

3.        STORAGE - Storage of amino acids

Example: Albumin

4.        TRANSPORT PROTEINS - Transport of other substances

Example: Hemoglobin (Red blood cells)

5.        CONTRACTILE AND MOTOR PROTEINS – Movement

Example: Actin and Myosin

6.        DEFENSIVE PROTEINS - Protection against diseases

Example: Antibodies

7.        HORMONAL PROTEINS - Coordination of organism’s activities

Example: Insulin, Growth hormones

CARBOHYDRATES

-          chief energy source of all organisms

-          serves as the backbone of other molecules

-          they combine with protein to form the structural component of

-          living cells.

-          Also called hydrates of carbon or saccharides, which means

-          “sugars”.

-          3 main groups:

o    Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

o    Disaccharides (double sugars)

o    Polysaccharides (complex sugars)

o    Polymer: Carbohydrates

o    Monomer: Saccharine or Glucose

-           C H O (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)

Nucleic Acids

-          macromolecules built as a long chain of monomers called nucleotides.

-          Primary function is for storage and transmission of genetic information.

-          Two types of nucleic acids are:

-          DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

-          genetic material which is the hereditary information of living organisms.

-          contains the organization of enzymes, thus determining the chemical activities of the cell.

-          Contains the following Nitrogenous bases:

o    Adenine is linked to Thymine (A –T); and Guanine is linked to Cytosine (G-C).

RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)

-          shares a similar structure as the DNA, except that RNA is single stranded

-          carries out genetic material for most of the viruses and is associated with the

-          protein synthesis of all cellular organisms.

-          contains the following Nitrogenous bases:

-          Guanine linked to Cytosine (G-C) and Adenine linked to Uracil (A-U)

LIPIDS

-          Serves as the highest source of energy for the body. These are stored fats derived from carbohydrates, which can be oxidized to release energy.

-          Fats are very rich in energy, a gram of fat contains over twice the energy content of a gram of carbohydrates.

-          Polymer: Lipids

-          Monomer: Fatty acids & Glycerol

-          Ex. Oil, butter, margarine, lard

CLASSIFICAITONS OF LIPIDS

1.      FATS

•       also known as triglycerides or blood fats

•       circulates in the bloodstream along w/ cholesterol

2.      STEROIDS or STEROLS

•       ex. Cholesterol – one of the most important steroids and a

•       component of animal cell membrane and a precursor for the

•       synthesis of a number of steroid hormone such as testosterone, progesterone and estrogen. The liver produce cholesterol that you need.

3. PHOSPOLIPIDS

- this can be found in cell membrane which allows it to be semipermeable or selectively permeable to certain substances.

4. WAXES

- cuticle covering of the surface of the leaves and stems of the plants, and protective covering of the skin and fur of some animals.