Focus on the preschool years (Chapter 12).
Understand brain development.
Describe physical development during preschool years.
Understand the impact of developing body systems on children.
Emphasize the role of play in development.
Period after onset of walking (12-18 months).
Transition from motor control to communication, social skills, and behavior control.
Personal and environmental contexts are crucial (Dynamical Systems Theory).
Play is a major developmental aspect.
Rapid motor control and communication acquisition continue in the first 5 years.
Play becomes complex and essential for development.
Critical period for social and emotional skill development.
Milestones should be understood (Link to YouTube video).
Developmental milestones: Age-specific functional skills (examples needed).
Non-volitional behaviors: Involuntary actions.
Volitional behaviors: Intentional actions.
Brain and nervous system development.
Progressive physical growth.
Growth of communication abilities and sensory characteristics.
By age 6, the brain reaches 90% of adult size.
Major development in sensory, fine motor, cognitive functions.
Frequent use strengthens neuronal pathways ("Move it or lose it!").
Increased left hemisphere activity aids dramatic language development.
Central nervous system growth is rapid, especially in the first year.
Proper nutrition and physical activity are crucial.
Children exhibit high energy, preferring active play.
Complex motor behavior continues to develop.
Gross Motor Skills (ages 2-5): Ascending stairs, balancing on one foot, jumping, pedaling.
Fine Motor Skills: Proficient grasping, manipulating small objects, beginning drawing skills.
Vocabulary expands to 1000 words by age 3.
Ability to form sentences and tell stories by age 4.
Pragmatic language skills develop; ability to converse effectively by 5.
Importance of sensory feedback in learning and development.
Integration of senses (visual, tactile, proprioceptive) is vital for dynamic balance.
Increased cerebellar function supports sophisticated movement.
Sensory processing: Understanding internal and external stimuli.
Sensory integration theory: How sensory modalities contribute to learning.
Difficulty in processing sensory information is common (10-15% of children).
Types of Sensory Processing Disorders:
Sensory modulation disorder.
Sensory-based motor disorder.
Sensory discrimination disorder.
Sensory Seekers: Engage in high activity, may overstuff mouth or seek loud stimuli.
Sensory Avoiders: Prefer limited textures, avoid noise, complain about sensory input.
Essential for maintaining body position and balance.
Development of postural stability, dynamic stability, and movement flow.
Equilibrium reactions become neurologically mature during preschool years.
Significant development in eye-hand coordination and muscle control.
Different grasps: Power (for heavy objects) and Precision (refined activities).
Focus on self-care skills, school readiness, attention, memory, and social conventions.
Play as a child's work, vital for learning and skill development.
Forms of play:
Attunement play - social connection.
Physical play - active engagement.
Object play - manipulation of items.
Pretend play - creative expression.
Games with rules - structured interactions.
Types of engagement:
Unoccupied play: observing.
Solitary play: alone.
Onlooker play: watching others.
Parallel play: playing near others but independently.
Associative play: interacting without organized activity.
Cooperative play: engaging together in a structured manner.
Emphasize the role of play in developing independence, control, and social skills during preschool years.
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