Kinesiology Notes

Kinesiology

Cartilage Types

• Fibrocartilage: Supports areas with limited movement.
• Hyaline Cartilage: Reduces friction and provides stability in joints.
• Elastic Cartilage: Maintains flexibility.

Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Group

• Located on the anterior aspect of the thigh.
• Composed of:
  • Vastus Intermedius
  • Vastus Femoris
  • Vastus Lateralis
  • Vastus Medialis
• Primary function: Knee extension.

Hamstring Muscle Group

• Located on the posterior aspect of the thigh.
• Composed of:
  • Biceps Femoris (short head and long head)
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
  • Adductor Magnus (sometimes considered part of the hamstring group)

Types of Joints

• Hinge Joint
• Gliding Joint
• Pivot Joint
• Saddle Joint

Long Bone Structure

• Epiphysis: The rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s).
• Diaphysis: The main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone.
• Metaphysis: The wide portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate until skeletal maturity.

Skin Layers

• Epidermis: The outermost layer of skin.
• Dermis: The layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues, consisting of connective tissue and including nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.
• Hypodermis: The innermost and thickest layer of the skin, also known as the subcutaneous tissue.
• The 11th and 12th ribs protect underlying organs.

Bone Types

• Flat Bone:
  • Examples: Sternum, Cranial bones, Scapula
• Long Bone:
  • Examples: Humerus, Radius, Femur, Tibia, Fibula
• Short Bone:
  • Examples: Tarsals, Carpals
• Irregular Bone:
  • Examples: Vertebrae, Sacrum
• Sesamoid Bone:
  • Example: Patella

Scapula Features

• Supraspinous Fossa
• Suprascapular notch
• Coracoid process
• Acromion
• Crest of spine
• Glenoid fossa
• Infraspinous fossa

Connective Tissues

• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone.
• Tendons: Connect muscle to bone.

Muscle Tissue Types

• Skeletal muscle tissue
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

Kidney Function

• The kidney filters blood and produces urine.

Negative Feedback

• A self-regulating system in which body conditions are maintained within a normal range.

Pathology

• The study of disease.

Physiology

• The study of the function of living organisms.

Adipose Tissue

• Refers to fats.

Bone Cells

• Osteocyte: Mature bone cell.
• Osteoblast: Bone-forming cell.
• Osteoclast: Cell that breaks down bone.

Earwax

• Cerumen

Muscle Contraction Proteins

• Actin: One of two contractile proteins in muscle cells that produce movement.
• Myosin: One of two contractile proteins in muscle cells that produce movement.
• Tropomyosin: Protein that works with troponin to regulate muscle contractions in skeletal muscle.

Muscle Attachments

• Origin: Attachment to the non-moving part.
• Insertion: Attachment to the most moving part.

Sarcomere

• The unit of muscle cell which produces the contraction.

Muscles and Movement

• Prime Mover: The main muscle which produces a specific movement.
• Synergist: Muscles that work with the prime mover to achieve a specific movement.

Neurons

• Afferent Neuron: A sensory neuron that carries impulses to the central nervous system.
• Efferent Neuron: A motor neuron carries the nerve impulses to a muscle or gland which responds to the signal.

Nervous System

• Autonomic Nervous System: Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Reverses the "fight or flight" stress response.
  • Sympathetic Nervous System: Stimulates the "fight or flight" stress response.
• Somatic Nervous System: Part of the central nervous system which controls voluntary activities and stimulates skeletal muscle.

Blood

• Hemostasis: Ability to stop bleeding.
• Plasma: Liquid portion of blood.
• Leukocyte: White blood cell.
• Erythrocyte: Red blood cell.

Meninges

• Membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord.
  • Dura Mater: Outer layer. The outermost and most durable of the three layers of the meninges.
  • Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer. The middle of the three layers of the meninges, named for its spider-web like appearance.
  • Pia Mater: Inner layer. The innermost of the three layers of the meninges, in direct contact with the brain and spinal cord.

Pericardium

• Serous membrane which surrounds the heart.

Blood Flow

• Aorta: From the heart to the body.
• Superior Vena Cava: Large vein returning blood to the heart.

Medical Conditions

• Hematoma: Internal bleeding.
• Herpes: Cold sore around the mouth.