Enlightenment and Revolutions

Notes

• Key factors that led to Industrial Rev (pg 2)

  • Agricultural productivity

  • Urbanization

  • investment money

  • specialized labor

• began in the mid-eighteenth century

• caused manufacturing output to skyrocket and goods to become more easily accessible

• The process began in Great Britain and spread throughout Europe and into the United States and Japan

• Products of industrialization such as railroads, steamships, and telegraphs expanded global trade and communications networks, linking farmers, miners, manufacturers, and customers around the world

• Industrial countries, to protect the access of their businesses to resources and markets, established overseas colonies

  • colonies often rebelled, with some, such as the United States and Haiti, being successful right away, while others, such as India and China, laid the foundations for later success

• Conflicts (pg 2,3,13)

  • Rebellions to break up empires (Ottoman empire)

  • Conflicts in Germany and Italy - united ppl who shared a culture but were divided into different states

  • Protests for wider participation in gov (Austria, France, Germany, Prussia, and Italy 1848)

  • discontent with imperial rule

  • rise of nationalist movements

  • spread of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions

• In what way did the Enlightenment influence each revolution? (pg 3,8)

  • challenging established traditions

  • promoting new ideas about individual rights, natural laws (locke), and the role of government

  • emphasized reason, progress, and natural laws

  • sense of commonality based on language, religion, and customs

  • American Rev: had roots in European enlightenment philosophy, advocated for individual rights

• How did earlier revolutions influence later ones? (pg 2,3,8)

  • Spread of Enlightenment ideas and new politics

  • American and French rev set precedent for challenging established traditions and govs

    • inspired reformist and revolutionary movements

    • introduced nation-states

In Class Notes 3/14

• Imagined Communities: Nation states that believe in themselves being linked through culture and shared believes - developed borders

• Historical Events leading to Imagined Communities

  • Protestant Reformation

  • Shia Safavid conflict/split

  • Colonization → Revolution

  • Manchus vs Han

  • Printing press

Nationalism

• Neutral Term - ideas that form a nation-state

• Citizen of a State not Subject of a Ruler

• Patriotism is simply an element of nationalism

• Nationalism can work like religions

History of Nationalism

• French is beginning because “Rights of Man and Citizen of the Nation”

• Latin American revolutions based on Nationalism in Latin America

  • creating Imagined communities

  • try to create Gran Colombia - didn’t work, then made countries themselves. Only separate because of the borders the spanish set up for viceroys

• Germany and Italy born in 1870 but rewrite their history to seem much older

US & Nationalism

• Nationalism doesn’t develop in the US until after the Civil War

  • we are a federation of states not a nation

  • “These United States” vs “The United States”

  • 14th Amendment increased fed gov power w/ equal protection and birthright citizenship

  • Wars helped with Us vs Them

Old Asian Empires and Nationalism

• Japan, Ottoman Empire, China develop new ideas about nationalism in 19th Century

  • “Ottomanism” as an idea of equal citizens of an ethnic-state

  • Nationalist movement in different Ottoman territories that wanted to break off

    • Led to WWI

  • Chinese Nationalism leads to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911

Germany and Italy

• Holy Alliance: Russia Prussia and Austria

• Power Politics - no more will of god, better to be realistic and get things done

New Terms

• Positive Integration: Telling the positive story of your nation with shared story (happy yay statue of liberty)

• Negative Integration: Unity through opposition - they suck lets join together and go to war