Chapter 28 - Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

==Henry Lloyd== ==was a critic of the Standard Oil Company in 1894 with his book, Wealth Against Commonwealth==
Jacob A. Riis published his book, How the Other Half Lives in 1890 which described the slums of New York
Socialists and feminists were at the front of social justice

==Muckrakers== ==were reform-minded journalists who wrote articles that exposed corruption and scandals==
- Reporters went after trusts and politicians
New York reporter, Lincoln Steffens wrote “The Shame of the Cities” in 1902 which revealed the corrupt alliance between businesses and the municipal government
Some of the most effective muckraker attacks were directed towards social evils

Progressive reformers mostly consisted of middle-class men and women
==Progressives== ==had two goals: to use state power to control trusts and to improve the common person’s conditions of life and labor==
- Progressives wanted to regain power that had shifted from common “interests” to the people
- Progressive reformers convinced Congress to pass the 17th Amendment in 1913 which established direct election of U.S. senators

States used public utility commissions so they could regulate railroads and trusts
Robert La Follette took control from the corrupt corporations and returned control to the people
==Hiram W. Johnson== ==helped in breaking grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics==

Women formed clubs where they discussed and proposed solutions for problems in society with this including the Women’s Trade Union League and National Consumers League
In Lochner vs. New York (1905), a New York law that limited the workday to 10 hours was invalidated with this law eventually being upheld in 1917
In Muller vs. Oregon (1908), Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional to enact laws that in specific, protected women factory workers
Several states passed stronger laws that regulated factory working conditions due to a series of factory accidents
==Woman’s Christian Temperance Union== ==was a large anti-alcohol group, which consisted of women==

Roosevelt was a supporter of the progressive reform with him enacting a “Square Deal” which consisted of controlling the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of natural resources
Coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike in 1902
- The coal miners demanded a 20% raise in pay and decrease in the workday from 10 hours to 9 hours
- Roosevelt stepped in and threatened to operate the mines with federal troops leading to a deal that consisted of the miners receiving a 10% raise in pay and a 9 hour workday
Congress was forced to create the Department of Commerce in 1903 due to the increasing hostilities between capital and labor

Railroads were able to delay the Interstate Commerce Commission's decisions by appealing to the federal courts
==Congress== ==passed the Elkins Act in 1903 which fined railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted said rebates==
Congress passed the Hepburn Act of 1906 which restricted free passes while expanding the Interstate Commerce Commission
Roosevelt challenged challenged the Northern Securities Company in 1902 with the trust being forced to dissolve

Foregin governments threatened to ban all American meat imports after botulism was found in American meats which led to Roosevelt passing the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 which stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines was subject to federal inspection
==Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906== ==was designed to prevent adulteration and the mislabelling of foods and pharmaceuticals==

First step towards conservation was made through the Desert Land Act of 1887
- Federal government sold dry land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser would irrigate the soil within 3 years
The ==Forest Reserve Act of 1891== ==was more successful with it authorizing the president ot set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves==
Roosevelt convinced Congress to pass the Newlands Act of 1902 which allowed the federal government to use money from the sale of public lands in the western states to develop irrigation projects
- In 1900, Roosevelt set aside 125 million acres of land in federal reserves

Roosevelt was re-elected as president in 1904 with him making it known that he wouldn’t run for a third term
==Panic of 1907== ==was a short economic downturn with it resulting in financial reforms==
The ==Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908== ==allowed national banks to issue emergency currency in the event of a currency shortage==

Republican Party chose William Howard Taft as their candidate for the election of 1908 while the Democratic Party chose William Jennings Bryan
- Taft won the election
Roosevelt had greatly enlarged the power of the presidential office during his presidency
Roosevelt opened American eyes to the fact that they shared the world with other nations

Taft wasn’t good at being a political leader with him adopting an attitude of “passivity” towards Congress

Taft encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in foregin areas with this being known as Dollar Diplomacy
- American bankers strengthened American defenses and foregin policy all while bringing prosperity to the U.S.
Japan and Russia controlled railroads in manchuria with Taft fearing that this monopoly would eventually have negative effects on American merchants
Knox (Secretary of State) proposed that Americans buy Manchurian railroads and then turn them over to China
Japan and Russia rejected the idea of selling the railroads

==Taft== ==brought 90 lawsuits against trusts during his term in office== while Roosevelt had only brought 4 lawsuits in 7 years
The Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company in 1911 with them stating that the Standard Oil Company violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
- In 1911, the Supreme Court came up with its “rule of reason” doctrine that stated that a trust was illegal only if it restrained trade, unreasonably

Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill in 1909 which placed a high tariff on several imports which angered a lot of the Republicans as before he was elected, Taft said he would lower the tariff
The reformist wing of the Republican Party was furious with Taft by the spring of 1910 which caused the Republican Party to split
- By the spring of 1910, the reformist wing of the Republican Party was angry with Taft, causing the Republican Party to split.

The ==National Progressive Republican Leauge== ==was formed with La Follette as its leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1911==
- La Follette was chosen since it was assumed Roosevelt wouldn’t run again
Roosevelt decided to challenge Taft for the the Republican presidential nomination
- Roosevelt felt that Taft had discarded several of Roosevelt’s policies
- ==Taft== ==won the Republican nomination after Roosevelt Republicans refused to vote at the 1912 Republican convention, claiming fraud==
Roosevelt continued on in the election as a 3rd-party candidate