Chapter 23:Alkanes and Alkenes
Organic Chemistry is the study of organic compounds.
Organic compounds are compounds which contain the element 'carbon'.
They might contain 'hydrogen'
Organic compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen only are known as
• Saturated hydrocarbons- each carbon has single bonds and surrounded by four other atoms.(Alkanes)
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons- each carbon has double bonds. (Alkenes)
A homologous series refers to a family of organic compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.
Similar chemical properties
Same functional group (except alkanes homologous series)
Represented by a General Formula
Regularly increasing relative molecular masses from one member to the next member
Can be prepared by similar methods
Gradual change in physical properties from one member to the next member
A functional group is defined as an atom or a group of atoms that gives a molecule its characteristic properties
Alkanes – There are only C-C and C-H covalent bonds in the molecules
Alkenes – Contain the carbon-carbon double bond, C=C.
Alcohols – Contain the hydroxyl group, -OH
Carboxylic acids – Contain the carboxyl group, -COOH
The naming of organic compound is divided into three parts:
Part 1: Length of the parent chain i.e. the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous unbroken chain(prefix)
Part 2: Functional Group found in main parent chain [Suffix]
Part 3: Side group that are attached to the main parent chain [ Substituent]
Empirical formula which is the simplest whole no. ratio of atoms of each element
Molecular formula which is the total no. of atoms of each element in each molecule
Structural formula which shows how atoms are arranged in the molecule
Full Structural formula which shows all the bonds between atoms in a molecule.
Isomers: have the same molecular formula but different structural formula (arrangement of atoms).
eg Butane
Organic Chemistry is the study of organic compounds.
Organic compounds are compounds which contain the element 'carbon'.
They might contain 'hydrogen'
Organic compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen only are known as
• Saturated hydrocarbons- each carbon has single bonds and surrounded by four other atoms.(Alkanes)
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons- each carbon has double bonds. (Alkenes)
A homologous series refers to a family of organic compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.
Similar chemical properties
Same functional group (except alkanes homologous series)
Represented by a General Formula
Regularly increasing relative molecular masses from one member to the next member
Can be prepared by similar methods
Gradual change in physical properties from one member to the next member
A functional group is defined as an atom or a group of atoms that gives a molecule its characteristic properties
Alkanes – There are only C-C and C-H covalent bonds in the molecules
Alkenes – Contain the carbon-carbon double bond, C=C.
Alcohols – Contain the hydroxyl group, -OH
Carboxylic acids – Contain the carboxyl group, -COOH
The naming of organic compound is divided into three parts:
Part 1: Length of the parent chain i.e. the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous unbroken chain(prefix)
Part 2: Functional Group found in main parent chain [Suffix]
Part 3: Side group that are attached to the main parent chain [ Substituent]
Empirical formula which is the simplest whole no. ratio of atoms of each element
Molecular formula which is the total no. of atoms of each element in each molecule
Structural formula which shows how atoms are arranged in the molecule
Full Structural formula which shows all the bonds between atoms in a molecule.
Isomers: have the same molecular formula but different structural formula (arrangement of atoms).
eg Butane
